以下是 Ruby 高级语法的详细总结,涵盖元编程、模式匹配、闭包、并发模型等核心主题:
一、元编程(Metaprogramming)
1. 动态定义方法
ruby
class DynamicClass
# 使用 define_method 动态定义方法
["foo", "bar"].each do |method_name|
define_method(method_name) do
"Called #{method_name}"
end
end
end
obj = DynamicClass.new
obj.foo # => "Called foo"
2. 方法缺失(method_missing)
ruby
class Ghost
def method_missing(name, *args)
"Method #{name} does not exist, args: #{args}"
end
end
ghost = Ghost.new
ghost.unknown_method(1, 2) # => "Method unknown_method does not exist, args: [1, 2]"
3. 单例类(Singleton Class)
ruby
str = "hello"
# 为单个对象定义方法
def str.custom_method
self.upcase
end
str.custom_method # => "HELLO"
二、模块(Module)与混入(Mixin)
1. extend vs include
ruby
module Tools
def tool
"Tool!"
end
end
class Robot
include Tools # 混入为实例方法
extend Tools # 混入为类方法
end
Robot.new.tool # => "Tool!"
Robot.tool # => "Tool!"
2. 钩子方法(Hook Methods)
ruby
module Loggable
def self.included(base)
puts "#{base} included Loggable"
end
end
class User
include Loggable # 输出 "User included Loggable"
end
三、Proc 与 Lambda
1. 差异与闭包
ruby
# Proc 不检查参数数量
p = proc { |a, b| [a, b] }
p.call(1) # => [1, nil]
# Lambda 检查参数数量
l = lambda { |a, b| [a, b] }
l.call(1) # ArgumentError
# 闭包捕获上下文
def counter
count = 0
-> { count += 1 }
end
c = counter
c.call # => 1
c.call # => 2
2. & 符号与块转换
ruby
def process(&block)
block.call
end
process { puts "Block executed" }
四、模式匹配(Ruby 3.0+)
1. case...in 语法
ruby
case { name: "Alice", age: 30 }
in { name: "Alice", age: 18.. }
"Adult Alice"
else
"Unknown"
end
# => "Adult Alice"
2. 数组与哈希解构
ruby
case [1, [2, 3]]
in [a, [b, c]]
puts "a=#{a}, b=#{b}, c=#{c}" # a=1, b=2, c=3
end
五、并发与纤程(Fiber)
1. 纤程协作式并发
ruby
fiber1 = Fiber.new do
Fiber.yield "First"
"Second"
end
fiber2 = Fiber.new do
"Hello"
end
puts fiber1.resume # => "First"
puts fiber2.resume # => "Hello"
puts fiber1.resume # => "Second"
2. Ractor(Ruby 3.0+ 的 Actor 模型)
ruby
# 创建并行执行的 Ractor
ractor = Ractor.new do
Ractor.receive * 2
end
ractor.send(5) # 发送数据
ractor.take # => 10
六、方法链与 DSL
1. 方法链优化(tap)
ruby
[1, 2, 3].tap { |arr| arr.delete(1) }.map(&:to_s)
# => ["2", "3"]
2. 领域特定语言(DSL)
ruby
class Configurator
def self.setup(&block)
config = new
config.instance_eval(&block)
config
end
def name(value)
@name = value
end
end
config = Configurator.setup do
name "MyApp"
end
config.instance_variable_get(:@name) # => "MyApp"
七、高级块用法
1. 符号到 Proc 的简写
ruby
# 等同于 { |x| x.upcase }
["a", "b"].map(&:upcase) # => ["A", "B"]
2. 自定义块参数
ruby
def wrap_log
puts "Start"
yield
puts "End"
end
wrap_log { puts "Running..." }
# 输出:
# Start
# Running...
# End
八、解构赋值与模式扩展
1. 多重赋值
ruby
a, (b, c) = [1, [2, 3]]
a # => 1
b # => 2
c # => 3
2. 自定义解构方法
ruby
class Point
def deconstruct
[x, y]
end
end
case Point.new(3, 4)
in [a, b]
"x=#{a}, y=#{b}" # => "x=3, y=4"
end
九、元类(MetaClass)与类扩展
ruby
class String
class << self
def meta_method
"This is a class method"
end
end
end
String.meta_method # => "This is a class method"
十、高级特性
1. Refinements(局部猴子补丁)
ruby
module StringExtensions
refine String do
def reverse_upcase
reverse.upcase
end
end
end
using StringExtensions
"hello".reverse_upcase # => "OLLEH"
2. 动态常量访问
ruby
class Demo
CONST = 100
end
Demo.const_get(:CONST) # => 100
3. 自定义运算符
ruby
class Vector
def +(other)
# 自定义向量加法
end
end
十一、惰性枚举(Lazy Enumerator)
ruby
# 避免立即生成所有元素
(1..Float::INFINITY).lazy.select(&:even?).first(5) # => [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
总结
Ruby 的高级语法特性使其成为一门高度灵活的语言,尤其擅长:
- 元编程:动态修改类和对象行为。
- 函数式编程:Lambda、闭包和链式调用。
- DSL 设计:通过块和类方法构建领域特定语言。
- 并发模型:纤程和 Ractor 支持高效并发。
建议结合实际项目(如复杂 Web 服务或脚本工具)实践这些高级特性,并参考 Ruby 官方文档 深入探索。
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