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一. 源码及其框架分析
SGI-STL30版本源代码,map和set的源代码在map/set/stl_map.h/stl_set.h/stl_tree.h等几个头文件中。map和set的实现结构框架核心部分截取出来如下:
cpp
// set
#ifndef __SGI_STL_INTERNAL_TREE_H
#include <stl_tree.h>
#endif
#include <stl_set.h>
#include <stl_multiset.h>
// map
#ifndef __SGI_STL_INTERNAL_TREE_H
#include <stl_tree.h>
#endif
#include <stl_map.h>
#include <stl_multimap.h>
// stl_set.h
template <class Key, class Compare = less<Key>, class Alloc = alloc>
class set {
public:
// typedefs:
typedef Key key_type;
typedef Key value_type;
private:
typedef rb_tree<key_type, value_type,
identity<value_type>, key_compare, Alloc> rep_type;
rep_type t; // red-black tree representing set
};
// stl_map.h
template <class Key, class T, class Compare = less<Key>, class Alloc = alloc>
class map {
public:
// typedefs:
typedef Key key_type;
typedef T mapped_type;
typedef pair<const Key, T> value_type;
private:
typedef rb_tree<key_type, value_type,
select1st<value_type>, key_compare, Alloc> rep_type;
rep_type t; // red-black tree representing map
};
// stl_tree.h
struct __rb_tree_node_base
{
typedef __rb_tree_color_type color_type;
typedef __rb_tree_node_base* base_ptr;
color_type color;
base_ptr parent;
base_ptr left;
base_ptr right;
};
// stl_tree.h
template <class Key, class Value, class KeyOfValue, class Compare, class Alloc
= alloc>
class rb_tree {
protected:
typedef void* void_pointer;
typedef __rb_tree_node_base* base_ptr;
typedef __rb_tree_node<Value> rb_tree_node;
typedef rb_tree_node* link_type;
typedef Key key_type;
typedef Value value_type;
public:
// insert⽤的是第⼆个模板参数左形参
pair<iterator,bool> insert_unique(const value_type& x);
// erase和find⽤第⼀个模板参数做形参
size_type erase(const key_type& x);
iterator find(const key_type& x);
protected:
size_type node_count; // keeps track of size of tree
link_type header;
};
template <class Value>
struct __rb_tree_node : public __rb_tree_node_base
{
typedef __rb_tree_node<Value>* link_type;
Value value_field;
};
通过下图对框架的分析,我们可以看到源码中rb_tree用了一个巧妙的泛型思想实现,rb_tree是实现key的搜索场景,还是key/value的搜索场景不是直接写死的,而是由第⼆个模板参数Value决定_rb_tree_node中存储的数据类型。

set实例化rb_tree时第二个模板参数给的是key,map实例化rb_tree时第2二个模板参数给的是pair<const key, T>,这样⼀颗红黑树既可以实现key搜索场景的set,也可以实现key/value搜索场景的map。
要注意⼀下,源码里面模板参数是用T代表value,而内部写的value_type不是我们我们日常key/value场景中说的value,源码中的value_type反而是红黑树结点中存储的真实的数据的类型。
rb_tree第⼆个模板参数Value已经控制了红黑树结点中存储的数据类型,为什么还要传第⼀个模板参数Key呢?尤其是set,两个模板参数是⼀样的,这是很多同学这时的⼀个疑问。要注意的是对于map和set,find/erase时的函数参数都是Key,所以第一个模板参数是传给find/erase等函数做形参的类型的。对于set而言两个参数是一样的,但是对于map而言就完全不一样了,map insert的是pair对象,但是find和ease的是Key对象。
二.模拟实现map和set
2.1搭建框架并实现插入操作
参考源码框架,map和set复用之前我们实现的红黑树。
我们这里相比源码调整一下,key参数就用K,value参数就用V,红黑树中的数据类型,我们使用T。
其次因为RBTree实现了泛型不知道T参数导致是K,还是pair<K, V>,那么insert内部进行插入逻辑较时,就没办法进行比较,因为pair的默认支持的是key和value⼀起参与比较,我们需要的是任何时候只比较key,所以我们在map和set层分别实现⼀个MapKeyOfT和SetKeyOfT的仿函数传给RBTree的KeyOfT,然后RBTree中通过KeyOfT仿函数取出T类型对象中的key,再进行比较,具体细节参考如下代码实现。
源码中的实现:
cpp
// 源码中pair⽀持的<重载实现
template <class T1, class T2>
bool operator< (const pair<T1,T2>& lhs, const pair<T1,T2>& rhs)
{ return lhs.first<rhs.first || (!(rhs.first<lhs.first) &&
lhs.second<rhs.second); }
myset:
cpp
// Myset.h
namespace bit
{
template<class K>
class set
{
struct SetKeyOfT
{
const K& operator()(const K& key)
{
return key;
}
};
public:
bool insert(const K& key)
{
return _t.Insert(key);
}
private:
RBTree<K, const K, SetKeyOfT> _t;
};
}
mymap:
cpp
//mymap.h
namespace bit
{
template<class K, class V>
class map
{
struct MapKeyOfT
{
const K& operator()(const pair<K, V>& kv)
{
return kv.first;
}
};
public:
bool insert(const pair<K, V>& kv)
return _t.Insert(kv);
}
private:
RBTree<K, pair<const K, V>, MapKeyOfT> _t;
};
}
RBTree:
cpp
//RBTree.h
enum Colour
{
RED,
BLACK
};
template<class T>
struct RBTreeNode
{
// 这里更新控制平衡也要加入parent指针
T _data;
RBTreeNode<T>* _left;
RBTreeNode<T>* _right;
RBTreeNode<T>* _parent;
Colour _col;
RBTreeNode(const T& data)
:_data(data)
, _left(nullptr)
, _right(nullptr)
, _parent(nullptr)
{}
};
template<class K, class T, class KeyOfT>
class RBTree
{
typedef RBTreeNode<T> Node;
public:
bool Insert(const T& data)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(data);
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
KeyOfT kot;
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (kot(cur->_data) < kot(data))
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (kot(cur->_data) > kot(data))
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return false;
return { Iterator(cur, _root), false };
}
}
cur = new Node(data);
Node* newnode = cur;
cur->_col = RED;
if (kot(parent->_data) < kot(data))
{
parent->_right = cur;
}
else
{
parent->_left = cur;
}
// 链接父亲
cur->_parent = parent;
// 父亲是红色,出现连续的红色节点,需要处理
while (parent && parent->_col == RED)
{
Node* grandfather = parent->_parent;
if (parent == grandfather->_left)
{
// g
// p u
Node* uncle = grandfather->_right;
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
// 变色
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
// 继续往上处理
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else
{
if (cur == parent->_left)
{
// g
// p u
// c
RotateR(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// p u
// c
RotateL(parent);
RotateR(grandfather);
cur->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
else
{
// g
// u p
Node* uncle = grandfather->_left;
// 叔叔存在且为红,-》变色即可
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
// 继续往上处理
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else // 叔叔不存在,或者存在且为黑
{
// 情况二:叔叔不存在或者存在且为黑
// 旋转+变色
// g
// u p
// c
if (cur == parent->_right)
{
RotateL(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
RotateR(parent);
RotateL(grandfather);
cur->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
}
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
};
2.2iterator的实现
iterator核心源代码:
cpp
struct __rb_tree_base_iterator
{
typedef __rb_tree_node_base::base_ptr base_ptr;
base_ptr node;
void increment()
{
if (node->right != 0)
{
node = node->right;
while (node->left != 0)
node = node->left;
}
else
{
base_ptr y = node->parent;
while (node == y->right)
{
node = y;
y = y->parent;
}
if (node->right != y)
node = y;
}
}
void decrement()
{
if (node->color == __rb_tree_red && node->parent->parent == node)
node = node->right;
else if (node->left != 0)
{
base_ptr y = node->left;
while (y->right != 0)
y = y->right;
node = y;
}
else
{
base_ptr y = node->parent;
while (node == y->left)
node = y;
y = y->parent;
}
node = y;
}
};
template <class Value, class Ref, class Ptr>
struct __rb_tree_iterator : public __rb_tree_base_iterator
{
typedef Value value_type;
typedef Ref reference;
typedef Ptr pointer;
typedef __rb_tree_iterator<Value, Value&, Value*> iterator;
__rb_tree_iterator() {}
__rb_tree_iterator(link_type x)
{
node = x;
}
__rb_tree_iterator(const iterator& it)
{
node = it.node;
}
reference operator*() const
{
return link_type(node)->value_field;
}
#ifndef __SGI_STL_NO_ARROW_OPERATOR
pointer operator->() const
{
return &(operator*());
}
#endif /* __SGI_STL_NO_ARROW_OPERATOR */
self& operator++()
{
increment(); return *this;
}
self& operator--()
{
decrement(); return *this;
}
inline bool operator==(const __rb_tree_base_iterator& x,
const __rb_tree_base_iterator& y)
{
return x.node == y.node;
}
inline bool operator!=(const __rb_tree_base_iterator& x,
const __rb_tree_base_iterator& y)
{
return x.node != y.node;
}
};
iterator实现思路分析:
• iterator实现的大框架跟list的iterator思路是一致的,用⼀个类型封装结点的指针,再通过重载运算符实现,迭代器像指针一样访问的行为。
• 这里的难点是operator++和operator--的实现。之前使用部分,我们分析了,map和set的迭代器走的是中序遍历,左子树->根结点->右子树,那么begin()会返回中序第⼀个结点的iterator也就是10所在结点的迭代器。

• 迭代器++的核心逻辑就是不看全局,只看局部,只考虑当前中序局部要访问的下⼀个结点。
• 迭代器++时,如果it指向的结点的右子树不为空,代表当前结点已经访问完了,要访问下⼀个结点是右子树的中序第一个,一棵树中序第一个是最左结点,所以直接找右子树的最左结点即可。

• 迭代器++时,如果it指向的结点的右子树空,代表当前结点已经访问完了且当前结点所在的子树也访问完了,要访问的下一个结点在当前结点的祖先里面,所以要沿着当前结点到根的祖先路径向上找。
• 如果当前结点是父亲的左,根据中序左子树->根结点->右子树,那么下一个访问的结点就是当前结点的父亲;如下图:it指向25,25右为空,25是30的左,所以下⼀个访问的结点就是30。

• 如果当前结点是父亲的右,根据中序左子树->根结点->右子树,当前当前结点所在的子树访问完了,当前结点所在父亲的子树也访问完了,那么下一个访问的需要继续往根的祖先中去找,直到找到孩子是父亲左的那个祖先就是中序要问题的下一个结点。如下图:it指向15,15右为空,15是10的右,15所在⼦树话访问完了,10所在⼦树也访问完了,继续往上找,10是18的左,那么下⼀个访问的结点就是18。

• end()如何表示呢?如下图:当it指向50时,++it时,50是40的右,40是30的右,30是18的右,18到根没有父亲,没有找到孩子是父亲左的那个祖先,这是父亲为空了,那我们就把it中的结点指针置为nullptr,我们用nullptr去充当end。需要注意的是stl源码空,红黑树增加了一个哨兵位头结点做为end(),这哨兵位头结点和根互为父亲,左指向最左结点,右指向最右结点。相比我们用nullptr作为end(),差别不大,他能实现的,我们也能实现。只是--end()判断到结点时空,特殊处理⼀下,让迭代器结点指向最右结点。具体参考迭代器--实现。


• 迭代器--的实现跟++的思路完全类似,逻辑正好反过来即可,因为他访问顺序是右子树->根结点->左子树,当it指向的节点左子树不为空,下一个要访问的节点就是当前节点的左子树的最右节点。

当it所指向的节点左子树为空时, 那么下一个访问的需要继续往根的祖先中去找,直到找到孩子是父亲右的那个祖先就是中序要问题的下一个结点。

• map的iterator不支持修改key但是可以修改value,我们把map的第二个模板参数pair的第一个参数改成const K即可, RBTree<K, pair<const K, V>, MapKeyOfT> _t;
cpp
//map.h
namespace bit
{
template<class K, class V>
class map
{
struct MapKeyOfT
{
const K& operator()(const pair<K, V>& kv)
{
return kv.first;
}
};
public:
typedef typename RBTree<K, pair<const K, V>, MapKeyOfT>::Iterator iterator;
typedef typename RBTree<K, pair<const K, V>, MapKeyOfT>::ConstIterator const_iterator;
iterator begin()
{
return _t.Begin();
}
iterator end()
{
return _t.End();
}
const_iterator begin() const
{
return _t.Begin();
}
const_iterator end() const
{
return _t.End();
}
pair<iterator, bool> insert(const pair<const K, V>& kv)
{
return _t.Insert(kv);
}
private:
RBTree<K, pair<const K, V>, MapKeyOfT> _t;
};
}
• set的iterator也不支持修改,我们把set的第⼆个模板参数改成const K即可, RBTree<K,const K, SetKeyOfT> _t;
cpp
//set.h
namespace bit
{
template<class K>
class set
{
struct SetKeyOfT
{
const K& operator()(const K& key)
{
return key;
}
};
public:
typedef typename RBTree<K, const K, SetKeyOfT>::Iterator iterator;
typedef typename RBTree<K, const K, SetKeyOfT>::ConstIterator const_iterator;
iterator begin()
{
return _t.Begin();
}
iterator end()
{
return _t.End();
}
const_iterator begin() const
{
return _t.Begin();
}
const_iterator end() const
{
return _t.End();
}
bool insert(const K& key)
pair<iterator, bool> insert(const K& key)
{
return _t.Insert(key);
}
private:
RBTree<K, const K, SetKeyOfT> _t;
};
}
2.3map[]的实现
map要⽀持[],通过键值(key)直接访问或插入对应的值(value),如map[key] = value,它也需要修改insert返回值,修改RBtree中的insert返回值为pair<Iterator, bool> Insert(const T& data).
cpp
V& operator[](const K& key)
{
pair<iterator, bool> ret = insert({ key, V() });
return ret.first->second;
}
三.完整代码实现
cpp
//set.h
#include"RBTree.h"
namespace bit
{
template<class K>
class set
{
struct SetKeyOfT
{
const K& operator()(const K& key)
{
return key;
}
};
public:
typedef typename RBTree<K, const K, SetKeyOfT>::Iterator iterator;
typedef typename RBTree<K, const K, SetKeyOfT>::ConstIterator const_iterator;
iterator begin()
{
return _t.Begin();
}
iterator end()
{
return _t.End();
}
const_iterator begin() const
{
return _t.Begin();
}
const_iterator end() const
{
return _t.End();
}
pair<iterator, bool> insert(const K& key)
{
return _t.Insert(key);
}
iterator find(const K& key)
{
return _t.Find(key);
}
private:
RBTree<K, const K, SetKeyOfT> _t;
};
}
cpp
//map.h
#include"RBTree.h"
namespace bit
{
template<class K, class V>
class map
{
struct MapKeyofT
{
const K& operator() (const pair<K, V>& kv)
{
return kv.first;
}
};
public:
typedef typename RBTree<K, pair<const K, V>, MapKeyofT>::Iterator iterator;
typedef typename RBTree<K, pair<const K, V>, MapKeyofT>::ConstIterator const_iterator;
iterator begin()
{
return _t.Begin();
}
iterator end()
{
return _t.End();
}
const_iterator begin() const
{
return _t.Begin();
}
const_iterator end() const
{
return _t.End();
}
pair<iterator, bool> insert(const pair< K, V>& kv)
{
return _t.Insert(kv);
}
V& operator[] (const K& key)
{
pair<iterator, bool> ret = insert({ key,V() });
return ret.first->second;
}
private:
RBTree<K, pair<const K, V>, MapKeyofT> _t;
};
}
cpp
//RBTree.h
enum Colour
{
RED,
BLACK
};
template<class T>
struct RBTreeNode
{
T _data;
RBTreeNode<T>*_left;
RBTreeNode<T>* _right;
RBTreeNode<T>* _parent;
Colour _col;
RBTreeNode(const T& data)
: _data(data)
, _left(nullptr)
, _right(nullptr)
, _parent(nullptr)
{}
};
template<class T, class Ref, class Ptr>
struct RBTreeIterator
{
typedef RBTreeNode<T> Node;
typedef RBTreeIterator<T, Ref, Ptr> Self;
Node* _node;
Node* _root;
RBTreeIterator(Node* node, Node* root)
:_node(node)
, _root(root)
{}
Self& operator++()
{
if (_node->_right)
{
// 右不为空,右⼦树最左结点就是中序第⼀个
Node* leftMost = _node->_right;
while (leftMost->_left)
{
leftMost = leftMost->_left;
}
_node = leftMost;
}
else
{
// 孩⼦是⽗亲左的那个祖先
Node * cur = _node;
Node* parent = cur->_parent;
while (parent && cur == parent->_right)
{
cur = parent;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
_node = parent;
}
return* this;
}
Self& operator--()
{
if (_node == nullptr) // end()
{
// --end(),特殊处理,⾛到中序最后⼀个结点,整棵树的最右结点
Node* rightMost = _root;
while (rightMost && rightMost->_right)
{
rightMost = rightMost->_right;
}
_node = rightMost;
}
else if (_node->_left)
{
// 左⼦树不为空,中序左⼦树最后⼀个
Node* rightMost = _node->_left;
while (rightMost->_right)
{
rightMost = rightMost->_right;
}
_node = rightMost;
}
else
{
// 孩⼦是⽗亲右的那个祖先
Node * cur = _node;
Node* parent = cur->_parent;
while (parent && cur == parent->_left)
{
cur = parent;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
_node = parent;
}
return* this;
}
Ref operator*()
{
return _node->_data;
}
Ptr operator->()
{
return &_node->_data;
}
bool operator!= (const Self& s) const
{
return _node != s._node;
}
bool operator== (const Self& s) const
{
return _node == s._node;
}
};
template<class K, class T, class KeyOfT>
class RBTree
{
typedef RBTreeNode<T> Node;
public:
typedef RBTreeIterator<T, T&, T*> Iterator;
typedef RBTreeIterator<T, const T&, const T*> ConstIterator;
Iterator Begin()
{
Node* leftMost = _root;
while (leftMost && leftMost->_left)
{
leftMost = leftMost->_left;
}
return Iterator(leftMost, _root);
}
Iterator End()
{
return Iterator(nullptr, _root);
}
ConstIterator Begin() const
{
Node* leftMost = _root;
while (leftMost && leftMost->_left)
{
leftMost = leftMost->_left;
}
return ConstIterator(leftMost, _root);
}
ConstIterator End() const
{
return ConstIterator(nullptr, _root);
}
RBTree() = default;
RBTree(const RBTree& t)
{
_root = Copy(t._root);
}
RBTree& operator=(RBTree t)
{
swap(_root, t._root);
return *this;
}
~RBTree()
{
Destroy(_root);
_root = nullptr;
}
pair<Iterator, bool> Insert(const T& data)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(data);
_root->_col = BLACK;
return make_pair(Iterator(_root, _root), true);
}
KeyOfT kot;
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (kot(cur->_data) < kot(data))
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (kot(cur->_data) > kot(data))
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return make_pair(Iterator(cur, _root), false);
}
}
cur = new Node(data);
Node* newnode = cur;
// 新增结点。颜⾊红⾊给红⾊
cur->_col = RED;
if (kot(parent->_data) < kot(data))
{
parent->_right = cur;
}
else
{
parent->_left = cur;
}
cur->_parent = parent;
while (parent && parent->_col == RED)
{
Node* grandfather = parent->_parent;
// g
// p u
if (parent == grandfather->_left)
{
Node* uncle = grandfather->_right;
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
// u存在且为红 -》变⾊再继续往上处理
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else
{
// u存在且为⿊或不存在 -》旋转+变⾊
if (cur == parent->_left)
{
// g
// p u
//c
//单旋
RotateR(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// p u
// c
//双旋
RotateL(parent);
RotateR(grandfather);
cur->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
else
{
// g
// u p
Node * uncle = grandfather->_left;
// 叔叔存在且为红,-》变⾊即可
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
// 继续往上处理
cur = grandfather;
parent = cur->_parent;
}
else // 叔叔不存在,或者存在且为⿊
{
// 情况⼆:叔叔不存在或者存在且为⿊
// 旋转+变⾊
// g
// u p
// c
if (cur == parent->_right)
{
RotateL(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// u p
// c
RotateR(parent);
RotateL(grandfather);
cur->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
}
_root->_col = BLACK;
return make_pair(Iterator(newnode, _root), true);
}
Iterator Find(const K& key)
{
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_kv.first < key)
{
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_kv.first > key)
{
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return Iterator(cur, _root);
}
}
return End();
}
private:
void RotateL(Node* parent)
{
Node* subR = parent->_right;
Node* subRL = subR->_left;
parent->_right = subRL;
if (subRL)
subRL->_parent = parent;
Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;
subR->_left = parent;
parent->_parent = subR;
if (parentParent == nullptr)
{
_root = subR;
subR->_parent = nullptr;
}
else
{
if (parent == parentParent->_left)
{
parentParent->_left = subR;
}
else
{
parentParent->_right = subR;
}
subR->_parent = parentParent;
}
}
void RotateR(Node * parent)
{
Node* subL = parent->_left;
Node* subLR = subL->_right;
parent->_left = subLR;
if (subLR)
subLR->_parent = parent;
Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;
subL->_right = parent;
parent->_parent = subL;
if (parentParent == nullptr)
{
_root = subL;
subL->_parent = nullptr;
}
else
{
if (parent == parentParent->_left)
{
parentParent->_left = subL;
}
else
{
parentParent->_right = subL;
}
subL->_parent = parentParent;
}
}
void Destroy(Node* root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return;
Destroy(root->_left);
Destroy(root->_right);
delete root;
}
Node* Copy(Node* root)
{
if(root == nullptr)
return nullptr;
Node* newRoot = new Node(root->_kv);
newRoot->_left = Copy(root->_left);
newRoot->_right = Copy(root->_right);
return newRoot;
}
private:
Node* _root = nullptr;
};