防火墙设置实战操作案例（小白的“升级打怪”成长之路）

deeper_wind2025-06-05 11:04

目录

一、操作前准备：

1、准备4个Rocky8虚拟机

2、网络规划

防火墙要求

虚拟机配置

更改网络模式：

二、操作前连接测试

三、操作成果

1、内部网络中的pc1采用SNAT访问外部互联网，但是无法ping到内部网关。

2、内部网络服务器s1通过DNAT发布服务到互联网。

3、互联网主机pc2能够访问s1区域的服务器，但是不能够进行ping和ssh连接。

一、操作前准备：

1、准备4个Rocky8虚拟机

2、网络规划

  • 内部PC1位于内网区域，地址段为： 192.168.1.0/24，pc1地址为：192.168.1.1/24，网关地址为：192.168.1.254/24

  • 服务器S1位于服务器区域，地址段为： 192.168.2.0/24，pc1地址为：192.168.2.1/24，网关地址为：192.168.2.254/24

  • PC2位于互联网区域，模拟外部互联网，地址段为：10.0.0.0/8，pc2地址为：10.0.0.1/8

  • Linux防火墙的三块网卡为别连接不同的网络区域，地址分别为 ：ens33 192.168.1.254/24；ens34 10.0.0.100/8；ens35 192.168.2.254/24

防火墙要求

  • 内部网络中的pc1采用SNAT访问外部互联网，但是无法ping到内部网关。

  • 内部网络服务器s1通过DNAT发布服务到互联网。

  • 互联网主机pc2能够访问s1区域的服务器，但是不能够进行ping和ssh连接。

虚拟机配置

内部网络PC1

复制代码 
[root@pc1 ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@pc1 network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-ens33
[root@pc1 network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-ens33 
​
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=ens33
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.1.1
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=192.168.1.254
~     
​
​
复制代码 
#关闭NetworkManager、firewalld和selinux，后面虚拟机配置同样操作该步骤#
[root@pc1 network-scripts]# systemctl stop NetworkManager
[root@pc1 network-scripts]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@pc1 network-scripts]# setenforce 0
复制代码 
[root@pc1 network-scripts]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:5b:74:6c brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp2s1
    inet 192.168.1.1/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe5b:746c/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:3f:34:5d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
​

服务器s1

复制代码 
[root@s1 ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@s1 network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-ens33
[root@s1 network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-ens33 
​
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=ens33
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.2.1
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=192.168.2.254
~                                                                               
~                    
​
复制代码 
#关闭NetworkManager、firewalld和selinux#
[root@s1 network-scripts]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:65:02:34 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp2s1
    inet 192.168.2.1/24 brd 192.168.2.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe65:234/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:3f:34:5d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
​

外部网络pc2

复制代码 
[root@pc2 ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@pc2 network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-ens33
[root@pc2 network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-ens33 
​
​
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=ens33
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=10.0.0.1
PREFIX=8
~     
​
​
复制代码 
#关闭NetworkManager、firewalld和selinux#
[root@pc2 network-scripts]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:97:34:23 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp2s1
    inet 10.0.0.1/8 brd 10.255.255.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe97:3423/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:3f:34:5d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
​

Linux防火墙sf1

复制代码 
##增加两块网卡##
复制代码 
[root@sf1 ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:97:34:23 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp2s1
    inet 192.168.58.133/24 brd 10.255.255.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe97:3423/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ens34: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:97:34:2d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp2s2
4: ens37: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:97:34:37 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp2s5
5: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:3f:34:5d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
​
[root@sf1 ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@sf1 network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-有线连接_1  ifcfg-ens33 
[root@sf1 network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-en34
[root@sf1 network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-en37
[root@sf1 network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-有线连接_1  ifcfg-ens33  ifcfg-ens34  ifcfg-ens37
[root@sf1 network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-ens33
​
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=ens33
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.1.254
PREFIX=24
​
[root@sf1 network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-ens34
​
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=ens34
DEVICE=ens34
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.2.254
PREFIX=24
​
​
​
​
[root@sf1 network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-ens37
​
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=ens37
DEVICE=ens37
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=10.0.0.100
PREFIX=8
~             
​
​
​
[root@s1 ~]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf
​
​
# sysctl settings are defined through files in
# /usr/lib/sysctl.d/, /run/sysctl.d/, and /etc/sysctl.d/.
#
# Vendors settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/.
# To override a whole file, create a new file with the same in
# /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there. To override
# only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later
# name in /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
#
# For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5).
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
​
复制代码 
#关闭NetworkManager、firewalld和selinux#
[root@sf1 ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:53:17:48 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp2s1
    inet 192.168.1.254/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe53:1748/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ens34: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:53:17:52 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp2s2
    inet 192.168.2.254/24 brd 192.168.2.255 scope global noprefixroute ens34
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe53:1752/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: ens37: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:53:17:5c brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp2s5
    inet 10.0.0.100/8 brd 10.255.255.255 scope global noprefixroute ens37
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe53:175c/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
5: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:3f:34:5d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
​
更改网络模式：

pc1:选用VMnet2

s1:选用VMnet3

pc2:选用VMnet4

sf1:分别选用VMnet2、选用VMnet3、选用VMnet4

sf1：

二、操作前连接测试

复制代码 
#pc1网络测试#
[root@pc1 ~]# ping 192.168.2.1
PING 192.168.2.1 (192.168.2.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.531 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=0.683 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=0.722 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=63 time=1.20 ms
^C
--- 192.168.2.1 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3070ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.531/0.784/1.202/0.252 ms
[root@pc1 ~]# ping 10.0.0.1
PING 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
​
^C
--- 10.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
8 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 7190ms
​
[root@pc1 ~]# ping 10.0.0.100
PING 10.0.0.100 (10.0.0.100) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.254 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.602 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.374 ms
^C
--- 10.0.0.100 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2080ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.254/0.410/0.602/0.144 ms
#ping 192.168.2.1和ping 10.0.0.100通了，但ping 10.0.0.1不通#
复制代码 
#s1网络测试#
[root@s1 ~]# ping 192.168.1.1
PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.537 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=1.78 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=0.746 ms
^C
--- 192.168.1.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2017ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.537/1.020/1.777/0.542 ms
[root@s1 ~]# ping 10.0.0.100
PING 10.0.0.100 (10.0.0.100) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.311 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=1.32 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.426 ms
^C
--- 10.0.0.100 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2037ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.311/0.687/1.324/0.452 ms
[root@s1 ~]# ping 10.0.0.1
PING 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
^C
--- 10.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 2050ms
#ping 192.168.1.1和ping 10.0.0.100通了，但ping 10.0.0.1不通#
复制代码 
#pc2网络测试#
[root@pc2 ~]# ping 192.168.1.1
connect: 网络不可达
[root@pc2 ~]# ping 192.168.2.1
connect: 网络不可达
[root@pc2 ~]# ping 192.168.1.254
connect: 网络不可达
[root@pc2 ~]# ping 192.168.2.254
connect: 网络不可达
[root@pc2 ~]# ping 10.0.0.100
PING 10.0.0.100 (10.0.0.100) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.278 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.280 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.412 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.565 ms
^C
--- 10.0.0.100 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3108ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.278/0.383/0.565/0.120 ms
#ping 192.168.1.1和ping 192.168.2.1和ping 192.168.1.254和ping 192.168.2.254不通，但ping 10.0.0.100能通#

三、操作成果

1、内部网络中的pc1采用SNAT访问外部互联网，但是无法ping到内部网关。
复制代码 
[root@sf1 ~]# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -o ens37 -j SNAT --to 10.0.0.100
[root@sf1 ~]# iptables -t nat -nL
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         
​
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         
​
Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         
SNAT       all  --  192.168.1.0/24       0.0.0.0/0            to:10.0.0.100
​
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         
​
Chain LIBVIRT_PRT (0 references)
target     prot opt source               destination         
​
​
​
​
[root@pc1 ~]# ping 10.0.0.1
PING 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=2.23 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=0.915 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=1.53 ms
^C
--- 10.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2010ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.915/1.559/2.229/0.537 ms
[root@pc1 ~]# curl 10.0.0.1
2025/02/04
​
复制代码 
[root@pc1 ~]# ping 192.168.1.254
PING 192.168.1.254 (192.168.1.254) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.254: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.265 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.254: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.530 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.254: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.390 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.254: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.598 ms
^C
--- 192.168.1.254 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3111ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.265/0.445/0.598/0.131 ms
​
​
​
​
[root@sf1 ~]# iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -j DROP
[root@sf1 ~]# iptables -nL
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         
DROP       icmp --  0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            icmptype 8
​
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         
​
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         
​
Chain LIBVIRT_INP (0 references)
target     prot opt source               destination         
​
​
​
​
[root@pc1 ~]# ping 192.168.1.254
PING 192.168.1.254 (192.168.1.254) 56(84) bytes of data.
^C
--- 192.168.1.254 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 2048ms
​
[root@pc1 ~]# curl 10.0.0.1
2025/02/04
​
2、内部网络服务器s1通过DNAT发布服务到互联网。
复制代码 
[root@pc2 yum.repos.d]# curl 10.0.0.100
curl: (7) Failed to connect to 10.0.0.100 port 80: 拒绝连接
​
​
​
[root@sf1 ~]# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.2.1:80
##或者##
[root@sf1 ~]# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i ens37 -d 10.0.0.100 -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.2.1
​
​
​
​
​
[root@pc2 yum.repos.d]# curl 10.0.0.100
2025/6/3
​
3、互联网主机pc2能够访问s1区域的服务器，但是不能够进行ping和ssh连接。

[root@pc2 ~]# ping 10.0.0.100

PING 10.0.0.100 (10.0.0.100) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.345 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.963 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=2.02 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.0.100: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=1.17 ms
^C
--- 10.0.0.100 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3035ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.345/1.123/2.018/0.599 ms

root@pc2 \~\]# ssh [email protected] The authenticity of host '10.0.0.100 (10.0.0.100)' can't be established. ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:kzaygOfzCdFhwGd4z5fLArfCyG/4uXhRNZ72DuBqKSA. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/\[fingerprint\])? yes Warning: Permanently added '10.0.0.100' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. [email protected]'s password: Activate the web console with: systemctl enable --now cockpit.socket ​ Last login: Tue Jun 3 23:25:14 2025 \[root@sf1 \~\]# exit 注销 Connection to 10.0.0.100 closed. ​ ​ ​ \[root@sf1 \~\]# iptables -A INPUT -s 10.0.0.1 -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -j DROP \[root@sf1 \~\]# iptables -A INPUT -s 10.0.0.1 -p tcp --dport 22 -j DROP \[root@sf1 \~\]# iptables -nL Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination DROP icmp -- 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0/0 icmptype 8 DROP tcp -- 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:22 ​ Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ​ Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ​ ​ ​ ​ \[root@pc2 \~\]# ssh [email protected] \^C \[root@pc2 \~\]# ping 10.0.0.100 PING 10.0.0.100 (10.0.0.100) 56(84) bytes of data. ​ ​ 看到感觉有帮助的朋友劳烦动动发财的小手，给博主点个赞 ​

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