CSS 新特性与未来趋势

汤姆Tom2025-10-11 13:11

一、基础概念与最新 API 详解

1.1 CSS 的演进历程

CSS（层叠样式表）自 1996 年诞生以来，经历了从 CSS1 到 CSS3 的重大演进，现在正朝着模块化的 CSS4+发展。每个新特性都在为 Web 开发带来更强大的表达能力和更好的用户体验。

1.2 最新 CSS 特性概览

CSS Subgrid

css 复制代码 
.container {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
  gap: 1rem;
}
​
.item {
  display: subgrid;
  grid-column: span 2;
  grid-template-rows: subgrid;
}

CSS Color Level 4

css 复制代码 
.element {
  /* 新的颜色函数 */
  color: oklch(0.7 0.15 180);
  background: color-mix(in srgb, red 30%, blue);
  border-color: color-contrast(white vs red, blue, green);
}

CSS Anchor Positioning

css 复制代码 
.tooltip {
  position: absolute;
  anchor-name: --tooltip;
  left: anchor(--button right);
  top: anchor(--button top);
}

CSS Nesting (原生嵌套)

css 复制代码 
.card {
  background: white;
  border-radius: 8px;
​
  &:hover {
    transform: scale(1.05);
  }
​
  .title {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
​
    & + .subtitle {
      margin-top: 0.5rem;
    }
  }
}

1.3 实验性特性

CSS View Transitions API

css 复制代码 
@view-transition {
  navigation: auto;
}
​
::view-transition-old(root) {
  animation: slide-out 0.3s ease-out;
}
​
::view-transition-new(root) {
  animation: slide-in 0.3s ease-in;
}

CSS @scope 规则

css 复制代码 
@scope (.component) to (.boundary) {
  .title {
    color: blue;
  }
}

二、浏览器兼容性

2.1 新特性支持状态

特性 Chrome Firefox Safari Edge 标准状态
CSS Subgrid 117+ 71+ 16+ 117+ ✅ 标准
CSS Nesting 112+ 117+ 16.5+ 112+ ✅ 标准
CSS Color Level 4 111+ 113+ 15+ 111+ 🟡 部分支持
Container Queries 105+ 110+ 16+ 105+ ✅ 标准
Anchor Positioning 实验性 ❌ ❌ 实验性 🔴 草案
View Transitions 111+ ❌ ❌ 111+ 🟡 部分支持
@scope 118+ ❌ ❌ 118+ 🔴 实验性

2.2 渐进式增强策略

css 复制代码 
/* 基础样式（所有浏览器） */
.button {
  background: blue;
  color: white;
  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
  border-radius: 4px;
}
​
/* 现代浏览器增强 */
@supports (color: oklch(0.7 0.15 180)) {
  .button {
    background: oklch(0.6 0.2 240);
  }
}
​
@supports selector(:has(*)) {
  .card:has(.urgent) {
    border-color: red;
  }
}
​
/* 容器查询增强 */
@supports (container-type: inline-size) {
  .responsive-component {
    container-type: inline-size;
  }
​
  @container (min-width: 300px) {
    .component-content {
      display: flex;
    }
  }
}

2.3 Polyfill 与工具

js 复制代码 
<!-- CSS Nesting Polyfill -->
<script src="https://unpkg.com/css-tree-nesting-polyfill"></script>
​
<!-- PostCSS插件 -->
<!-- postcss.config.js -->
<!-- plugins: [
  require('postcss-nesting'),
  require('postcss-color-function'),
  require('postcss-lab-function')
] -->

三、实战演示

3.1 CSS Subgrid 布局

效果展示

  • 子网格与父网格完美对齐
  • 复杂卡片布局的统一排版
  • 响应式网格系统

3.2 新一代颜色系统

效果展示

  • 更广色域的颜色表示
  • 智能颜色混合和对比
  • 感知均匀的颜色空间

3.3 视图过渡动画

效果展示

  • 页面间的流畅过渡
  • 元素的连续性动画
  • 自定义过渡效果

四、完整实战示例

html 复制代码 
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>CSS新特性与未来趋势</title>
    <style>
      /* CSS重置和基础变量 */
      * {
        margin: 0;
        padding: 0;
        box-sizing: border-box;
      }

      :root {
        /* 传统颜色系统 */
        --color-primary: #3b82f6;
        --color-secondary: #6b7280;
        --color-success: #10b981;
        --color-warning: #f59e0b;
        --color-error: #ef4444;

        /* 新一代颜色系统（如果支持） */
        --color-primary-oklch: oklch(0.7 0.15 250);
        --color-accent-p3: color(display-p3 0.2 0.8 0.9);

        /* 间距系统 */
        --spacing-xs: 0.25rem;
        --spacing-sm: 0.5rem;
        --spacing-md: 1rem;
        --spacing-lg: 1.5rem;
        --spacing-xl: 2rem;
        --spacing-2xl: 3rem;

        /* 字体系统 */
        --font-size-sm: 0.875rem;
        --font-size-base: 1rem;
        --font-size-lg: 1.125rem;
        --font-size-xl: 1.25rem;
        --font-size-2xl: 1.5rem;
        --font-size-3xl: 1.875rem;
      }

      body {
        font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto,
          sans-serif;
        line-height: 1.6;
        color: #1f2937;
        background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);
        min-height: 100vh;
      }

      /* 现代颜色系统增强 */
      @supports (color: oklch(0.7 0.15 180)) {
        :root {
          --color-primary: oklch(0.65 0.2 250);
          --color-secondary: oklch(0.6 0.05 270);
          --color-success: oklch(0.7 0.15 140);
          --color-warning: oklch(0.8 0.15 80);
          --color-error: oklch(0.65 0.2 25);
        }
      }

      /* 容器和布局 */
      .container {
        max-width: 1200px;
        margin: 0 auto;
        padding: var(--spacing-xl);
      }

      .page-header {
        text-align: center;
        color: white;
        margin-bottom: var(--spacing-2xl);
      }

      .page-title {
        font-size: var(--font-size-3xl);
        font-weight: 700;
        margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
        text-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
      }

      .page-subtitle {
        font-size: var(--font-size-lg);
        opacity: 0.9;
      }

      /* 功能支持检测提示 */
      .support-status {
        background: white;
        border-radius: 12px;
        padding: var(--spacing-lg);
        margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xl);
        box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
      }

      .support-grid {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));
        gap: var(--spacing-md);
        margin-top: var(--spacing-md);
      }

      .support-item {
        display: flex;
        align-items: center;
        gap: var(--spacing-sm);
        padding: var(--spacing-sm);
        border-radius: 6px;
        font-size: var(--font-size-sm);
      }

      .support-item.supported {
        background: #f0fdf4;
        color: #166534;
      }

      .support-item.unsupported {
        background: #fef2f2;
        color: #991b1b;
      }

      .support-item.experimental {
        background: #fef3cd;
        color: #92400e;
      }

      /* 演示1：CSS Subgrid */
      .subgrid-demo {
        background: white;
        border-radius: 16px;
        padding: var(--spacing-xl);
        margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xl);
        box-shadow: 0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
      }

      .section-title {
        font-size: var(--font-size-xl);
        font-weight: 600;
        color: #1a202c;
        margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
        border-bottom: 2px solid var(--color-primary);
        padding-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
        display: inline-block;
      }

      .section-description {
        color: #6b7280;
        margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
        line-height: 1.6;
      }

      .main-grid {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
        grid-template-rows: repeat(3, auto);
        gap: var(--spacing-md);
        margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
      }

      .grid-item {
        background: #f8fafc;
        border: 2px solid #e5e7eb;
        border-radius: 8px;
        padding: var(--spacing-md);
        text-align: center;
        font-weight: 500;
        transition: all 0.3s ease;
      }

      .grid-item:hover {
        background: var(--color-primary);
        color: white;
        border-color: var(--color-primary);
        transform: translateY(-2px);
      }

      /* Subgrid支持 */
      @supports (grid-template-rows: subgrid) {
        .subgrid-container {
          grid-column: span 2;
          grid-row: span 2;
          display: grid;
          grid-template-rows: subgrid;
          grid-template-columns: subgrid;
          border: 3px solid var(--color-success);
          border-radius: 12px;
          background: #f0fdf4;
        }

        .subgrid-container .grid-item {
          background: white;
          border-color: var(--color-success);
        }
      }

      /* 演示2：CSS嵌套 */
      .nesting-demo {
        background: white;
        border-radius: 16px;
        padding: var(--spacing-xl);
        margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xl);
        box-shadow: 0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
      }

      /* 原生CSS嵌套演示 */
      @supports selector(&) {
        .card {
          background: #f8fafc;
          border: 1px solid #e5e7eb;
          border-radius: 12px;
          padding: var(--spacing-lg);
          margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
          transition: all 0.3s ease;

          &:hover {
            transform: translateY(-4px);
            box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            border-color: var(--color-primary);
          }

          .card-header {
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: var(--spacing-sm);
            margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);

            .card-icon {
              width: 32px;
              height: 32px;
              background: var(--color-primary);
              border-radius: 50%;
              display: flex;
              align-items: center;
              justify-content: center;
              color: white;
              font-weight: 600;
            }

            .card-title {
              font-size: var(--font-size-lg);
              font-weight: 600;
              color: #1f2937;
            }
          }

          .card-content {
            color: #6b7280;
            line-height: 1.6;

            p + p {
              margin-top: var(--spacing-sm);
            }
          }

          .card-footer {
            margin-top: var(--spacing-md);
            padding-top: var(--spacing-md);
            border-top: 1px solid #e5e7eb;
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;

            .button {
              background: var(--color-primary);
              color: white;
              border: none;
              padding: var(--spacing-sm) var(--spacing-md);
              border-radius: 6px;
              font-weight: 500;
              cursor: pointer;
              transition: all 0.3s ease;

              &:hover {
                background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--color-primary) 80%, black);
                transform: translateY(-1px);
              }
            }

            .metadata {
              font-size: var(--font-size-sm);
              color: #9ca3af;
            }
          }
        }
      }

      /* 演示3：新颜色系统 */
      .color-demo {
        background: white;
        border-radius: 16px;
        padding: var(--spacing-xl);
        margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xl);
        box-shadow: 0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
      }

      .color-palette {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(200px, 1fr));
        gap: var(--spacing-lg);
        margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
      }

      .color-swatch {
        border-radius: 12px;
        padding: var(--spacing-lg);
        color: white;
        text-align: center;
        font-weight: 600;
        position: relative;
        overflow: hidden;
        transition: transform 0.3s ease;
      }

      .color-swatch:hover {
        transform: scale(1.05);
      }

      .color-swatch::before {
        content: '';
        position: absolute;
        top: 0;
        left: 0;
        right: 0;
        bottom: 0;
        background: linear-gradient(
          45deg,
          rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1),
          transparent
        );
      }

      .color-info {
        position: relative;
        z-index: 1;
      }

      .color-name {
        font-size: var(--font-size-lg);
        margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
      }

      .color-value {
        font-size: var(--font-size-sm);
        opacity: 0.9;
        font-family: 'Monaco', 'Menlo', monospace;
      }

      /* 传统颜色 */
      .swatch-traditional {
        background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b82f6, #1d4ed8);
      }

      .swatch-hsl {
        background: linear-gradient(
          135deg,
          hsl(220, 91%, 60%),
          hsl(220, 91%, 45%)
        );
      }

      /* 现代颜色系统 */
      @supports (color: oklch(0.7 0.15 180)) {
        .swatch-oklch {
          background: linear-gradient(
            135deg,
            oklch(0.7 0.15 250),
            oklch(0.6 0.2 240)
          );
        }
      }

      @supports (color: color-mix(in srgb, red, blue)) {
        .swatch-mix {
          background: color-mix(
            in srgb,
            oklch(0.7 0.2 300) 70%,
            oklch(0.8 0.15 200)
          );
        }
      }

      @supports (color: color(display-p3 1 0 0)) {
        .swatch-p3 {
          background: linear-gradient(
            135deg,
            color(display-p3 0.2 0.8 0.9),
            color(display-p3 0.1 0.6 0.8)
          );
        }
      }

      /* 演示4：容器查询 */
      .container-query-demo {
        background: white;
        border-radius: 16px;
        padding: var(--spacing-xl);
        box-shadow: 0 10px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
      }

      .resizable-container {
        container-type: inline-size;
        border: 2px dashed #d1d5db;
        border-radius: 8px;
        padding: var(--spacing-md);
        resize: horizontal;
        overflow: auto;
        min-width: 200px;
        max-width: 100%;
        width: 400px;
        margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
      }

      .responsive-component {
        background: #f8fafc;
        border-radius: 8px;
        padding: var(--spacing-md);
        text-align: center;
        transition: all 0.3s ease;
      }

      /* 容器查询响应式设计 */
      @container (max-width: 300px) {
        .responsive-component {
          background: #fef3cd;
          color: #92400e;
        }

        .responsive-component::before {
          content: '小容器模式 (< 300px)';
          display: block;
          font-weight: 600;
          margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
        }
      }

      @container (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 500px) {
        .responsive-component {
          background: #dbeafe;
          color: #1e40af;
        }

        .responsive-component::before {
          content: '中等容器模式 (300-500px)';
          display: block;
          font-weight: 600;
          margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
        }
      }

      @container (min-width: 500px) {
        .responsive-component {
          background: #f0fdf4;
          color: #166534;
        }

        .responsive-component::before {
          content: '大容器模式 (> 500px)';
          display: block;
          font-weight: 600;
          margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
        }
      }

      /* 控制面板 */
      .control-panel {
        background: #f8fafc;
        border-radius: 12px;
        padding: var(--spacing-lg);
        margin-top: var(--spacing-lg);
      }

      .control-buttons {
        display: flex;
        gap: var(--spacing-md);
        flex-wrap: wrap;
      }

      .control-button {
        background: var(--color-primary);
        color: white;
        border: none;
        padding: var(--spacing-sm) var(--spacing-md);
        border-radius: 6px;
        font-weight: 500;
        cursor: pointer;
        transition: all 0.3s ease;
      }

      .control-button:hover {
        background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--color-primary) 80%, black);
        transform: translateY(-1px);
      }

      .control-button:disabled {
        background: #9ca3af;
        cursor: not-allowed;
        transform: none;
      }

      /* 代码示例 */
      .code-example {
        background: #1f2937;
        color: #f9fafb;
        padding: var(--spacing-md);
        border-radius: 8px;
        font-family: 'Monaco', 'Menlo', monospace;
        font-size: var(--font-size-sm);
        margin: var(--spacing-md) 0;
        overflow-x: auto;
      }

      /* 响应式设计 */
      @media (max-width: 768px) {
        .container {
          padding: var(--spacing-md);
        }

        .page-title {
          font-size: var(--font-size-2xl);
        }

        .main-grid {
          grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
        }

        .color-palette {
          grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        }

        .control-buttons {
          flex-direction: column;
        }
      }

      /* View Transitions API 支持 */
      @supports (view-transition-name: none) {
        ::view-transition-old(root) {
          animation: slide-out 0.3s ease-out;
        }

        ::view-transition-new(root) {
          animation: slide-in 0.3s ease-in;
        }
      }

      @keyframes slide-out {
        to {
          transform: translateX(-100%);
        }
      }

      @keyframes slide-in {
        from {
          transform: translateX(100%);
        }
      }

      /* 实验性特性增强 */
      @supports selector(:has(*)) {
        .card:has(.urgent-badge) {
          border-left: 4px solid var(--color-error);
        }
      }

      /* Anchor Positioning 演示 */
      @supports (anchor-name: --test) {
        .anchor-button {
          anchor-name: --demo-anchor;
        }

        .anchor-tooltip {
          position: absolute;
          left: anchor(--demo-anchor right);
          top: anchor(--demo-anchor center);
          transform: translateY(-50%);
        }
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="container">
      <!-- 页面头部 -->
      <header class="page-header">
        <h1 class="page-title">CSS新特性与未来趋势</h1>
        <p class="page-subtitle">探索Web样式的前沿技术与发展方向</p>
      </header>

      <!-- 浏览器支持状态 -->
      <section class="support-status">
        <h2 class="section-title">浏览器特性支持检测</h2>
        <div class="support-grid" id="supportGrid">
          <!-- 动态生成支持状态 -->
        </div>
      </section>

      <!-- 演示1：CSS Subgrid -->
      <section class="subgrid-demo">
        <h2 class="section-title">演示1：CSS Subgrid</h2>
        <p class="section-description">
          Subgrid允许网格项继承父网格的行或列轨道，实现完美的对齐效果。
        </p>

        <div class="main-grid">
          <div class="grid-item">Grid Item 1</div>
          <div class="grid-item">Grid Item 2</div>
          <div class="grid-item">Grid Item 3</div>
          <div class="grid-item">Grid Item 4</div>

          <div class="grid-item subgrid-container">
            <div class="grid-item">Subgrid A</div>
            <div class="grid-item">Subgrid B</div>
            <div class="grid-item">Subgrid C</div>
            <div class="grid-item">Subgrid D</div>
          </div>

          <div class="grid-item">Grid Item 5</div>
          <div class="grid-item">Grid Item 6</div>
          <div class="grid-item">Grid Item 7</div>
          <div class="grid-item">Grid Item 8</div>
        </div>

        <div class="code-example">
          .main-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
          gap: 1rem; } @supports (grid-template-rows: subgrid) {
          .subgrid-container { grid-column: span 2; grid-row: span 2; display:
          grid; grid-template-rows: subgrid; grid-template-columns: subgrid; } }
        </div>
      </section>

      <!-- 演示2：CSS原生嵌套 -->
      <section class="nesting-demo">
        <h2 class="section-title">演示2：CSS原生嵌套</h2>
        <p class="section-description">
          CSS现在原生支持嵌套语法，无需预处理器即可编写层次化的样式代码。
        </p>

        <div class="card">
          <div class="card-header">
            <div class="card-icon">🚀</div>
            <div class="card-title">CSS原生嵌套</div>
          </div>
          <div class="card-content">
            <p>这个卡片使用了CSS原生嵌套语法编写样式。</p>
            <p>嵌套让样式代码更加清晰和易于维护。</p>
          </div>
          <div class="card-footer">
            <button class="button">了解更多</button>
            <span class="metadata">2024-01-15</span>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="card">
          <div class="card-header">
            <div class="card-icon">🎨</div>
            <div class="card-title">现代CSS</div>
          </div>
          <div class="card-content">
            <p>结合其他新特性，CSS变得更加强大。</p>
            <p>开发体验得到了显著提升。</p>
          </div>
          <div class="card-footer">
            <button class="button">查看示例</button>
            <span class="metadata">2024-01-10</span>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="code-example">
          .card { background: white; border-radius: 8px; &:hover { transform:
          translateY(-4px); } .card-header { display: flex; gap: 1rem;
          .card-icon { background: var(--color-primary); color: white; } }
          .button { background: var(--color-primary); &:hover { background:
          color-mix(in srgb, var(--color-primary) 80%, black); } } }
        </div>
      </section>

      <!-- 演示3：新一代颜色系统 -->
      <section class="color-demo">
        <h2 class="section-title">演示3：新一代颜色系统</h2>
        <p class="section-description">
          CSS Color Level
          4引入了更广色域、感知均匀的颜色空间和强大的颜色操作函数。
        </p>

        <div class="color-palette">
          <div class="color-swatch swatch-traditional">
            <div class="color-info">
              <div class="color-name">传统RGB</div>
              <div class="color-value">#3b82f6</div>
            </div>
          </div>

          <div class="color-swatch swatch-hsl">
            <div class="color-info">
              <div class="color-name">HSL颜色</div>
              <div class="color-value">hsl(220, 91%, 60%)</div>
            </div>
          </div>

          <div class="color-swatch swatch-oklch">
            <div class="color-info">
              <div class="color-name">OKLCH颜色</div>
              <div class="color-value">oklch(0.7 0.15 250)</div>
            </div>
          </div>

          <div class="color-swatch swatch-mix">
            <div class="color-info">
              <div class="color-name">颜色混合</div>
              <div class="color-value">color-mix()</div>
            </div>
          </div>

          <div class="color-swatch swatch-p3">
            <div class="color-info">
              <div class="color-name">Display P3</div>
              <div class="color-value">color(display-p3)</div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="code-example">
          /* 新一代颜色语法 */ .element { /* 感知均匀的OKLCH颜色空间 */ color:
          oklch(0.7 0.15 250); /* 智能颜色混合 */ background: color-mix(in srgb,
          red 30%, blue); /* 广色域Display P3 */ border-color: color(display-p3
          0.2 0.8 0.9); /* 颜色对比度检查 */ box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px
          color-contrast(white vs red, blue, green); }
        </div>
      </section>

      <!-- 演示4：容器查询 -->
      <section class="container-query-demo">
        <h2 class="section-title">演示4：容器查询</h2>
        <p class="section-description">
          容器查询让组件能够根据其容器的大小进行响应式设计，而不是基于视口大小。
        </p>

        <div class="resizable-container">
          <div class="responsive-component">
            <p>拖拽容器边缘调整大小，观察组件如何响应容器变化。</p>
            <p>这是真正的组件级响应式设计！</p>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="control-panel">
          <div class="control-buttons">
            <button class="control-button" onclick="resizeContainer(250)">
              小容器 (250px)
            </button>
            <button class="control-button" onclick="resizeContainer(400)">
              中等容器 (400px)
            </button>
            <button class="control-button" onclick="resizeContainer(600)">
              大容器 (600px)
            </button>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="code-example">
          .container { container-type: inline-size; } @container (max-width:
          300px) { .component { background: yellow; } } @container (min-width:
          300px) and (max-width: 500px) { .component { background: blue; } }
          @container (min-width: 500px) { .component { background: green; } }
        </div>
      </section>
    </div>

    <script>
      // 特性检测
      const features = {
        'CSS Subgrid': () => CSS.supports('grid-template-rows', 'subgrid'),
        CSS嵌套: () => CSS.supports('selector(&)'),
        OKLCH颜色: () => CSS.supports('color', 'oklch(0.7 0.15 180)'),
        颜色混合: () => CSS.supports('color', 'color-mix(in srgb, red, blue)'),
        'Display P3': () => CSS.supports('color', 'color(display-p3 1 0 0)'),
        容器查询: () => CSS.supports('container-type', 'inline-size'),
        ':has()选择器': () => CSS.supports('selector(:has(*))'),
        'View Transitions': () => 'startViewTransition' in document,
        'Anchor Positioning': () => CSS.supports('anchor-name', '--test'),
        '@scope规则': () => CSS.supports('at-rule(@scope)'),
      };

      // 更新支持状态显示
      function updateSupportStatus() {
        const supportGrid = document.getElementById('supportGrid');
        supportGrid.innerHTML = '';

        Object.entries(features).forEach(([name, test]) => {
          const item = document.createElement('div');
          item.className = 'support-item';

          let status = 'unsupported';
          let icon = '❌';

          try {
            if (test()) {
              status = 'supported';
              icon = '✅';
            }
          } catch (e) {
            // 某些特性可能在检测时抛出异常
            if (
              name.includes('实验') ||
              name.includes('Anchor') ||
              name.includes('@scope')
            ) {
              status = 'experimental';
              icon = '🔬';
            }
          }

          item.classList.add(status);
          item.innerHTML = `<span>${icon}</span><span>${name}</span>`;
          supportGrid.appendChild(item);
        });
      }

      // 容器大小调整
      function resizeContainer(width) {
        const container = document.querySelector('.resizable-container');
        container.style.width = width + 'px';

        // 添加视觉反馈
        container.style.borderColor = '#3b82f6';
        setTimeout(() => {
          container.style.borderColor = '#d1d5db';
        }, 1000);
      }

      // View Transitions API 演示
      function demonstrateViewTransition() {
        if ('startViewTransition' in document) {
          document.startViewTransition(() => {
            // 在这里进行DOM更改
            const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card');
            cards.forEach((card, index) => {
              card.style.transform = `translateX(${
                index % 2 === 0 ? '100px' : '-100px'
              })`;
            });

            setTimeout(() => {
              cards.forEach((card) => {
                card.style.transform = '';
              });
            }, 1000);
          });
        } else {
          console.log('浏览器不支持View Transitions API');
        }
      }

      // 颜色演示
      function demonstrateColorMixing() {
        if (CSS.supports('color', 'color-mix(in srgb, red, blue)')) {
          const swatches = document.querySelectorAll('.color-swatch');
          swatches.forEach((swatch, index) => {
            const randomColor1 = `oklch(${0.6 + Math.random() * 0.2} 0.15 ${
              Math.random() * 360
            })`;
            const randomColor2 = `oklch(${0.6 + Math.random() * 0.2} 0.15 ${
              Math.random() * 360
            })`;

            if (CSS.supports('color', randomColor1)) {
              swatch.style.background = `color-mix(in srgb, ${randomColor1} 60%, ${randomColor2})`;
            }
          });

          setTimeout(() => {
            location.reload(); // 重置颜色
          }, 3000);
        }
      }

      // 性能监控
      function monitorPerformance() {
        if ('PerformanceObserver' in window) {
          const observer = new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
            const entries = list.getEntries();
            entries.forEach((entry) => {
              if (entry.entryType === 'navigation') {
                console.log(
                  `页面加载时间: ${entry.loadEventEnd - entry.loadEventStart}ms`
                );
              }
            });
          });

          try {
            observer.observe({ entryTypes: ['navigation'] });
          } catch (e) {
            console.warn('性能监控不可用');
          }
        }
      }

      // 添加交互演示
      function addInteractiveFeatures() {
        // 卡片点击效果
        document.querySelectorAll('.card').forEach((card) => {
          card.addEventListener('click', function () {
            this.style.transform = 'scale(0.98)';
            setTimeout(() => {
              this.style.transform = '';
            }, 150);
          });
        });

        // 按钮点击效果
        document.querySelectorAll('.button').forEach((button) => {
          button.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
            e.stopPropagation();

            const originalText = this.textContent;
            this.textContent = '已点击!';
            this.style.background = 'var(--color-success)';

            setTimeout(() => {
              this.textContent = originalText;
              this.style.background = '';
            }, 1500);
          });
        });

        // 颜色色板点击效果
        document.querySelectorAll('.color-swatch').forEach((swatch) => {
          swatch.addEventListener('click', function () {
            const colorValue = this.querySelector('.color-value').textContent;
            navigator.clipboard.writeText(colorValue).then(() => {
              const notification = document.createElement('div');
              notification.textContent = '颜色值已复制!';
              notification.style.cssText = `
              position: fixed;
              top: 20px;
              right: 20px;
              background: white;
              color: #1f2937;
              padding: 1rem;
              border-radius: 8px;
              box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
              z-index: 1000;
              animation: slideIn 0.3s ease;
            `;

              document.body.appendChild(notification);
              setTimeout(() => {
                document.body.removeChild(notification);
              }, 2000);
            });
          });
        });
      }

      // CSS动画关键帧
      const animationCSS = `
      @keyframes slideIn {
        from {
          transform: translateX(100%);
          opacity: 0;
        }
        to {
          transform: translateX(0);
          opacity: 1;
        }
      }
    `;

      // 动态添加样式
      function injectAnimationCSS() {
        const style = document.createElement('style');
        style.textContent = animationCSS;
        document.head.appendChild(style);
      }

      // 初始化
      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
        // 更新特性支持状态
        updateSupportStatus();

        // 添加交互功能
        addInteractiveFeatures();

        // 注入动画样式
        injectAnimationCSS();

        // 性能监控
        monitorPerformance();

        console.log('🚀 CSS新特性演示已初始化');

        // 检测关键特性
        const keyFeatures = ['CSS嵌套', '容器查询', 'OKLCH颜色'];
        const supportedFeatures = keyFeatures.filter((feature) => {
          try {
            return features[feature]();
          } catch {
            return false;
          }
        });

        console.log(`支持的关键特性: ${supportedFeatures.join(', ')}`);
      });

      // 导出调试工具
      window.cssModernDebug = {
        features,

        testFeature: function (featureName) {
          if (features[featureName]) {
            return features[featureName]();
          }
          return false;
        },

        getAllSupport: function () {
          const result = {};
          Object.entries(features).forEach(([name, test]) => {
            try {
              result[name] = test();
            } catch (e) {
              result[name] = false;
            }
          });
          return result;
        },

        demonstrateViewTransition,
        demonstrateColorMixing,

        // 测试新特性性能
        benchmarkNewFeatures: function () {
          const iterations = 1000;
          const results = {};

          // 测试color-mix性能
          if (CSS.supports('color', 'color-mix(in srgb, red, blue)')) {
            const start = performance.now();
            for (let i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
              const div = document.createElement('div');
              div.style.color = 'color-mix(in srgb, red 50%, blue)';
            }
            results.colorMix = performance.now() - start;
          }

          // 测试容器查询性能
          if (CSS.supports('container-type', 'inline-size')) {
            const start = performance.now();
            for (let i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
              const div = document.createElement('div');
              div.style.containerType = 'inline-size';
            }
            results.containerQuery = performance.now() - start;
          }

          console.log('新特性性能测试结果:', results);
          return results;
        },
      };
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

五、CSS 新特性深度解析

5.1 CSS Color Level 4 详解

感知均匀的颜色空间

css 复制代码 
/* OKLCH - 基于人眼感知的颜色空间 */
.element {
  color: oklch(70% 0.15 180);
  /* 亮度 色度 色相 */
}

/* LAB颜色空间 */
.element {
  color: lab(50% 20 -30);
  /* 亮度 a轴 b轴 */
}

颜色操作函数

css 复制代码 
/* 颜色混合 */
.mixed {
  background: color-mix(in srgb, red 30%, blue);
  background: color-mix(in oklch, red 30%, blue);
}

/* 颜色对比度选择 */
.contrasted {
  color: color-contrast(white vs red, blue, green);
}

/* 相对颜色语法 */
.relative {
  --base-color: oklch(0.7 0.15 180);
  background: oklch(from var(--base-color) calc(l * 0.8) c h);
}

5.2 CSS Subgrid 深度应用

css 复制代码 
/* 复杂的Subgrid布局 */
.magazine-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(12, 1fr);
  grid-template-rows: repeat(8, 1fr);
  gap: 1rem;
}

.article-section {
  grid-column: span 6;
  grid-row: span 4;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-rows: subgrid;
  grid-template-columns: subgrid;
}

.article-header {
  grid-column: 1 / -1;
  grid-row: 1;
}

.article-content {
  grid-column: 1 / -1;
  grid-row: 2 / -1;
}

5.3 CSS Anchor Positioning

css 复制代码 
/* 锚点定位系统 */
.tooltip-trigger {
  anchor-name: --tooltip-anchor;
}

.tooltip {
  position: absolute;
  left: anchor(--tooltip-anchor right);
  top: anchor(--tooltip-anchor center);
  anchor-default: --tooltip-anchor;

  /* 自动调整位置避免溢出 */
  position-fallback: --tooltip-fallbacks;
}

@position-fallback --tooltip-fallbacks {
  @try {
    left: anchor(--tooltip-anchor left);
    transform: translateX(-100%);
  }

  @try {
    top: anchor(--tooltip-anchor bottom);
    left: anchor(--tooltip-anchor center);
    transform: translateX(-50%);
  }
}

六、实验性特性预览

6.1 CSS @scope 规则

css 复制代码 
/* 作用域样式 */
@scope (.component) to (.boundary) {
  .title {
    color: blue;
  }

  .content {
    font-size: 1rem;
  }
}

/* 嵌套作用域 */
@scope (.card) {
  .header {
    background: white;

    @scope (&) to (.content) {
      .title {
        font-weight: bold;
      }
    }
  }
}

6.2 CSS Toggles

css 复制代码 
/* CSS切换状态（提案中） */
.accordion {
  toggle-root: accordion 1 at 0;
}

.accordion-item {
  toggle-trigger: accordion;
}

.accordion-content {
  toggle-visibility: accordion;
}

.accordion-item:toggle(accordion 1) + .accordion-content {
  display: block;
}

6.3 CSS Functions

css 复制代码 
/* 数学函数扩展 */
.element {
  width: round(down, 100px, 10px); /* 向下舍入到最近的10px */
  height: mod(150px, 100px); /* 取模运算 */
  margin: rem(16px, 1rem); /* 余数运算 */
}

/* 三角函数 */
.rotated {
  transform: rotate(calc(sin(30deg) * 1turn));
}

七、性能与兼容性考虑

7.1 渐进式增强策略

css 复制代码 
/* 基础样式 */
.button {
  background: #3b82f6;
  color: white;
  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
  border-radius: 4px;
}

/* 现代浏览器增强 */
@supports (color: oklch(0.7 0.15 180)) {
  .button {
    background: oklch(0.65 0.2 250);
  }
}

@supports (container-type: inline-size) {
  .responsive-button {
    container-type: inline-size;
  }

  @container (max-width: 200px) {
    .button {
      padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem;
      font-size: 0.875rem;
    }
  }
}

7.2 构建工具集成

js 复制代码 
// PostCSS配置
module.exports = {
  plugins: [
    require('postcss-preset-env')({
      stage: 1, // 启用阶段1的新特性
      features: {
        'nesting-rules': true,
        'color-mix': true,
        'oklch-function': true,
      },
    }),
    require('autoprefixer'),
    require('postcss-container-queries'),
  ],
};

八、未来发展趋势

  • CSS Masonry Layout：瀑布流布局
  • CSS Toggles：原生状态切换
  • CSS Functions Level 4：更多数学函数
  • CSS Conditional Rules Level 4：扩展的条件规则
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