一、Django概念和特点
Django特点:强大的数据库功能,Admin,优雅的URL,模版系统,缓存系统(内存),国际化
Django模块:urls.py(请求)--->view.py(视图)----->models.py(模型)----->forms.py(图表)----->admin.py(用户)----->setting.py(配置文件)
二、Djang安装和使用
Djago安装
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ### 准备Python源
pip config set global.index-url https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
### 安装django
pip install django
## 创建一个django项目
django-admin.exe startproject mysite
## 同一个django项目可以创建多个app
python .\manage.py startapp jf2
python .\manage.py startapp jf 
## 当有数据需要改变和迁移时,需要执行如下命令
### 检测是否有数据变化
python .\manage.py makemigrations
### 重新进行权限认证
python .\manage.py migrate
## 打开django程序( http://127.0.0.1:8000/)
python .\manage.py runserver
## 打开django程序( http://127.0.0.1:8080/)
python .\manage.py runserver 8080
## 打开django程序( http://0.0.0.0:8080/)
python .\manage.py runserver 8080
## 清空数据
python.exe .\manage.py flush
## 设置超级管理员用户
#### username:ce
#### password:awk123!@#
python.exe .\manage.py createsuperuser
##  使用python操作数据库
python .\manage.py shell
        创建的django项目目录

多app项目目录

django程序启动成功

Django使用
创建一个app程序
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
           python.exe .\manage.py startapp learn
        修改settings.py文件

打开模块中view.py文件,处理http请求
            
            
              vbscript
              
              
            
          
          ### 处理http请求
from django.http import HttpResponse
def index(request):
    return HttpResponse("晚上好!!!!!everyone")
        处理url请求(urls.py)
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from learn import views as learn_views
urlpatterns = [
    path('', learn_views.index),
    # url('^$',learn_views.index)
    path(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
]
        后台启动程序
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
           python .\manage.py runserver 8080
        启动成功效果图

创建多个方法使用
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          from django.http import HttpResponse
def index(request):
    return HttpResponse("晚上好!!!!!everyone")
def add(request):
    x=request.GET['x']
    y=request.GET['y']
    z=int(x)+int(y)
    return HttpResponse(str(z))
        修改setting.py文件
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from learn import views as learn_views
urlpatterns = [
    path('', learn_views.index),
    # url('^$',learn_views.index)
    path('add/', learn_views.add),    ##加入模块
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]
        后台启动程序
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
           python .\manage.py runserver 8888
        访问网页即可显示页面 : http://127.0.0.1:8888/add/?x=4&y=10

设置多个函数参数
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          》》》urls.py文件
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, re_path
from learn import views as learn_views
urlpatterns = [
    path('', learn_views.index),
    # url('^$',learn_views.index)
    path('add/', learn_views.add),    ##加入模块
    re_path(r'^add2/(\d+)/(\d+)/$', learn_views.add2),  ##加入模块
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]
》》》》view.py文件
from django.shortcuts import render
# Create your views here.
from django.http import HttpResponse
def index(request):
    return HttpResponse("晚上好!!!!!everyone")
def add(request):
    x=request.GET['x']
    y=request.GET['y']
    z=int(x)+int(y)
    return HttpResponse(str(z))
def add2(request,x,y):
    z=int(x)+int(y)
    return HttpResponse(str(z))
## 访问url:
http://127.0.0.1:8888/add2/66/88/
        
三、Django 实战入门
实战1:学习笔记模块
让用户能够记录学习的兴趣,并在学习每个主题的工程添加日志条目,学习笔记的主页对这个网站进行描述,并邀请用户注册和登录,用户登录后就可以创建新主题,添加新条目及阅读既有的条目
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ## 创建项目(learning_log)
django-admin.exe startproject learning_log
## 创建一个Python内置的数据库
python.exe .\manage.py migrate
##  创建数据库
python.exe .\learning_log\manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions
Running migrations:
  Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
  Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
  Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
  Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
  Applying admin.0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices... OK
  Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
  Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
  Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
  Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
  Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
  Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0010_alter_group_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0011_update_proxy_permissions... OK
  Applying auth.0012_alter_user_first_name_max_length... OK
  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
##  启动django服务
python .\manage.py runserver
##   创建应用
python .\manage.py startapp learning_logs    
##   定义数据库(models.py)
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class Topic(models.Model):
    '''  用户学习的主题    '''
    text=models.CharField(max_length=200)                       ## 存储文本内容
    data_added=models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)          ### 自动设置模型时间
    def __str__(self):
        '''返回model字符串表示'''
        return self.text
## 激活models(setting.py)
#### 编辑INSTALLED_APPS添加我们的app 生成数据迁移文件
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'learning_logs'
]
python .\manage.py makemigrations learning_logs  
### 执行数据库的变更
python.exe .\manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, learning_logs, sessions
Running migrations:
  Applying learning_logs.0001_initial... OK
        
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          数据库修改的三个步骤
1.  修改models.py文件
2.  makemigrations+appname   (python manage.py makemigrations learning_logs)
3.  migrate      (Python manage.py migrate)
        使用Admin管理网站
1.创建超级用户
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          python.exe .\manage.py createsuperuser 
###    python字符串存储的是密码的散列值
###########    用户名 admin   ###########
###########    密码  admin    ###########
### 修改admin.py文件
from django.contrib import admin
# Register your models here.
from learning_logs.models import Topic
admin.site.register(Topic)          ### 通过admin管理模型
        2.访问后台页面
http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/login/?next=/admin/

3.后台topic,即对应字符串返回内容
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
              def __str__(self):
        '''返回model字符串表示'''
        return self.text
        
4.增加数据源文件(models.py)
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ### 增加model模型 
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class Topic(models.Model):
    '''  用户学习的主题    '''
    text=models.CharField(max_length=200)                       ## 存储文本内容
    data_added=models.DateField(auto_now_add=True)         ### 自动设置模型时间
    def __str__(self):
        '''返回model字符串表示'''
        return self.text
        # return "Fuck"
class Entry(models.Model):
    '''学校主题的某个知识'''
    topic =models.ForeignKey(Topic)
    text=models.TextField()
    data_added=models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    class Meta:
        verbose_name_plural='entries'
    def __str__(self):
        return  self.text[:50]+'....'
### 更新修改的数据源
python .\manage.py makemigrations learning_logs
python manage.py migrate                           
### 修改admin.py文件
from django.contrib import admin
# Register your models here.
from learning_logs.models import Topic,Entry
admin.site.register(Topic)          ### 通过admin管理模型
admin.site.register(Entry)          ### 通过admin管理模型
## 启动django
python.exe .\manage.py runserver  
        笔记目录功能创建成功

根据python shell可以查看和调试所创建的topic数据(这些业务逻辑写在view层即可)
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ## 进入python-shell控制管理页面
python manage.py shell
>> from learning_logs.models import Topic
### 获取对象中的数据
>> Topic.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Topic: Python>, <Topic: halo>, <Topic: Python字典>, <Topic: python列表>]>
>> t=Topic.objects.all()
>>> for i in t:
...     print(i.id,i)
...
1 Python
2 halo
3 Python字典
4 python列表
>>> t=Topic.objects.get(id=1) 
>>> print(t.text) 
Python
#### 获取时间戳中的时间
>>> t.data_added
datetime.datetime(2025, 10, 6, 16, 17, 15, 382163, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
### 获取所创建的对象(key,value)
>>> t.entry_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Entry: 字典(Dictionary)
字典是一个无序、可变和有索引的集合。在 Python 中,字典用花括....>, <Entry: 字典(Dictionary)
字典是一个无序、可变和有索引的集合。在 Python 中,字典用花括....>]>
### 获取python内置数据库sqllite内容
>>    python manage.py sqlmigrate learning_logs 0001_initial  
                         
BEGIN;
--
-- Create model Topic
--
CREATE TABLE "learning_logs_topic" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "data_added" datetime NOT NULL);        
COMMIT;
        使用Django创建网页过程
层级架构如下

定义url---->编写view----->编写模版
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ### 定义url(urls.py)
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls), 
    ##  include引入文件 (导入配置文件进行映射)
    path('', include('learning_logs.urls')),
]
###    urls.py
###    定义learning_log 的Url Pattrerns
from django.urls import path         ## 导入django配置文件
from . import views                   ## 引入当前目录下的view文件
urlpatterns=[
    ## 主页
    path('', views.index, name='index'),      ## 可以根据name名字匹配目标URL
]
### 修改views.py文件
from django.shortcuts import render
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    '''学习笔记主页'''
    return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
### 创建视图 模版文件
mkdir templates;cd templates;mkdir learning_logs;cd learning_logs;touch index.html
<p>learning log</p>
<p>学习笔记可以帮助你追踪学习的情况</p>
        查看后台视图

给网页创建多个模版
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ### 修改urls.py文件
### Python 2.0 以上版本
from django.urls import path
from . import views
app_name = 'learning_logs'  # 这行是关键!
urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.index, name='index'),        ### name:调用url地址
]
### 父模板添加如下配置)(base.html)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
  <p>
    <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}">学习笔记</a>
  </p>
<!-- 所定义的父模板 -->
  {% block content %}{% endblock content %}
</body>
</html>
### 子模板添加如下内容(index.html)
{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<p>learning log</p>
<p>学习笔记可以帮助你追踪学习的情况</p>
{% endblock %}
        开发显示主题模块
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ###修改urls.py文件
app_name = 'learning_logs'  # 这行是关键!
urlpatterns = [
    ''' 主页  ''',
    path('', views.index, name='index'),        ### name:调用url地址
    ''' 显示所有的主题   ''',
    path('topics/',views.topics,name='topics')
]
### 在views.py文件中加入配置
from django.shortcuts import render
from .models import Topic
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    '''学习笔记主页'''
    return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')
def topics(request):
    '''显示所有主题'''
    topics=Topic.objects.all()
    context={'topics':topics}
    return render(request,'learning_logs/topics.html',context)
### 创建模版文件(topics.html)
{% extends  "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<p>Topics</p>
<ul>
    {% for topic in topics %}
    <li>{{ topic }}</li>
    {% empty %}
    <li> 没有创建任何主题 </li>
    {% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endblock content %}
### 修改父模版文件
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
  <p>
    <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}">学习笔记</a>
    <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topics' %}">Topics</a>        ### 添加topic主题
  </p>
<!-- 所定义的父模板 -->
  {% block content %}{% endblock content %}
</body>
</html>
        数据已经被取到后展示效果

根据所给主题查看主题内容
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          #### 创建url.py文件
from django.urls import path
from . import views
app_name = 'learning_logs'  # 这行是关键!
urlpatterns = [
    ## 主页
    path('', views.index, name='index'),        ### name:调用url地址
    ##显示所有的主题
    path('topics/',views.topics,name='topics'),
    ## 根据top_id查看指定主题内容
    # path('topics/<(?P:topic_id>\d+)/$', views.topic, name='topic')
    path('topics/<int:topic_id>/', views.topic, name='topic')
]
### 添加topic业务(view.py)
def topic(request, topic_id):
    topic=Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
    entries=topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')            ## 对topic条目进行降序排序
    context={ 'topic':topic, 'entries':entries }
    return render(request,'learning_logs/topic.html',context)
### 创建模板html文件(topic.html)
{% extends  "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<p>Topic</p>
<p>Topic{{topic}}</p>
<p>Entries</p>
<ul>
    {% for entry in entries %}
    <li>
        <p>{{ entry.date_added | date:'M,D,Y H:i' }}</p>
        <p>{{ entry.text|linebreaks }}</p>
    </li>
    {% empty %}
        <li>没有创建任何条目</li>
    {% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endblock content %}
        列表内容展示后的效果如下

实战2:用户账户模块
新增主题和条目模块
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          #########  新增表单  ######### 
### 创建表单(form.py)
from django import forms
from .models import  Topic
class TopicForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model=Topic
        fields=['text']
        labels={'text':''}
### 添加url.py请求
    ## 创建表单
    path('new_topic/', views.new_topic, name='new_topic')
### 在原topic.html页面添加如下内容
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic' %}">新建主题</a>
### 添加模版文件
{% extends  "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<p>新建主题</p>
<form action="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic' %}" method='post'>
<!--  防止攻击-->
  {% csrf_token %}
  {{ form.as_p }}
  <button name="submit">提交</button>
</form>
{% endblock content %}
#########  新增表单实例  #########
### 添加表单数据   表单(form.py)
class EntryForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model=Entry
        fields=['text']
        labels={'text':''}
        widgets={'text':forms.Textarea(attrs={'cols': 80})}    ## 给表单指定宽度
## 添加urlpattern
    ## 表单实例
    path('new_entry/<int:topic_id>/', views.new_entry, name='new_entry')
## 创建表单函数
def new_entry(request,topic_id):
    topic=Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
    if request.method != 'POST':
        form = EntryForm()
    else:
        form = EntryForm(data=request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            new_entry=form.save(commit=False)
            new_entry.topic=topic
            new_entry.save()
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topic',args=[topic_id]))
    context={'topic':topic,'form':form}
    return render(request,'learning_logs/new_entry.html',context)
## topics.html添加如下内容
<a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic' %}">新建主题</a>
## 创建模版html文件(new_entry.html)
{% extends  "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<p>
    <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">{{ topic }}</a>
    <p>添加新条目</p>
    <form  action="{% url 'learning_logs:new_entry' topic.id %}" method="post">
        {% csrf_token %}
        {{ form.as_p }}
        <button name="submit">提交</button>
    </form>
</p>
{% endblock content %}
 
        完成后效果图如下

修改条目数据
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ### 编写url(urls.py)
    path('edit_entry/<int:entry_id>/',views.edit_entry,name='edit_entry')
## 编写view.py逻辑
def edit_entry(request,entry_id):
    entry=Entry.objects.get(id=entry_id)
    topic=entry.topic
    if request.method!='POST':
        form = EntryForm(instance=entry)    ## 将实例装入表格中
    else:
        form=EntryForm(instance=entry,data=request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topic',args=[topic.id]))
    context={'entry':entry,'topic':topic,'form':form}
    return render(request,'learning_logs/edit_entry.html',context)
## 编写edit_entry.html
{% extends  "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<p>
    <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">{{ topic }}</a>
</p>
<p>编辑条目</p>
<form action="{% url 'learning_logs:edit_entry' entry.id %}" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    {{ form.as_p }}
    <button name="submit">保存</button>
</form>
{% endblock content %}
        展示后的效果如下

创建用户
用户登录逻辑
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ### 创建一个app ###
python manage.py startapp users
### 编辑setting.xml文件
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'learning_logs',
    'users'
]
## 修改url.py文件
from django.urls import path
from django.contrib.auth.views import LoginView
app_name = 'users'  # 这行很重要
urlpatterns = [
    path('login/', LoginView.as_view(template_name='users/login.html'), name='login'),
]
## 添加url地址
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
app_name = 'learning_logs'  # 必须要有这行!
urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('users/', include('users.urls')),
    path('', include('learning_logs.urls')),
    ]
## 修改login.html页面
{% extends  "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
    {% if form.error %}
    <p>用户名和密码不匹配,请重试!</p>
    {% endif %}
    <form method="post" action="{% url 'users:login' %}">
    {% csrf_token %}
    {{ form.as_p }}
    <button name="submit">登录</button>
    <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}" />
    </form>
{% endblock content %}
## 修改base.html
  <p>
    <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}">学习笔记</a>
    <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topics' %}">Topics</a>
    {% if user.is_authenticated %}
      您好  {{ user.username}}
      {% else %}
        <a href="{% url 'users:login' %}">登录</a>
    {% endif %}
  </p>
        用户注销逻辑
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ## 打开urls.py文件    
from django.urls import path
from django.contrib.auth.views import LoginView
from . import views
app_name = 'users'  # 这行很重要
urlpatterns = [
    path('login/', LoginView.as_view(template_name='users/login.html'), name='login'),
    path('logout/', views.logout_view,name='logout'),
]
## 打开view.py文件
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.contrib.auth import logout
from django.urls import reverse
# Create your views here.
def logout_view(request):
    logout(request)
    return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:index'))
### base.html文件
 <p>
    <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}">学习笔记</a>
    <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topics' %}">Topics</a>
    {% if user.is_authenticated %}
      您好  {{ user.username}}
      <a href="{% url 'users:logout' %}">注销</a>
      {% else %}
      <a href="{% url 'users:login' %}">登录</a>
    {% endif %}
  </p>
        用户注册逻辑
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ## 修改urls.py
from django.urls import path
from django.contrib.auth.views import LoginView
from . import views
app_name = 'users'  # 这行很重要
urlpatterns = [
    path('login/', LoginView.as_view(template_name='users/login.html'), name='login'),
    path('logout/', views.logout_view,name='logout'),
    ## 注册逻辑
    path('register/', views.register, name='register'),
]
## 用户注册逻辑
def register(request):
    '''注册新用户'''
    if request.method != 'POST':
        form= UserCreationForm()
    else:
        ## 处理填写好的表单
        form = UserCreationForm(data=request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            new_user=form.save()
            ## 让用户自动登录,再重定向到主页
            authenticated_user=authenticate(username=new_user.username,password=request.POST['password1'])
            login(request,authenticated_user)
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:index'))
    context={'form':form}
    return render(request,'users/register.html',context)
##  修改register.html
{% extends  "learning_logs/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<form method="post" action="{% url 'users:register' %}">
    {% csrf_token %}
    {{ form.as_p }}
    <button name="submit">register</button>
    <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{% url 'learning_logs:index' %}" />
</form>
{% endblock content %}
## 修改模版base.html  
{% if user.is_authenticated %}
      您好  {{ user.username}}
      <a href="{% url 'users:logout' %}">注销</a>
      {% else %}
      <a href="{% url 'users:register' %}">注册</a>-
      <a href="{% url 'users:login' %}">登录</a>
    {% endif %}
        如果用户需要登录,我们此时可以引入 @login_required 完成验证登录
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ### 配置view.py文件
## 当用户登录未登录会自动跳转到登录界面
@login_required
def topics(request):
    '''显示所有主题'''
    topics=Topic.objects.all()
    context={'topics':topics}
    return render(request,'learning_logs/topics.html',context)
### 配置setting.py文件
LOGIN_URL = '/users/login/'
        限制用户登录
限制用户主题登录
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          ### 修改models.py文件(topic类)
owner=models.ForeignKey(User,on_delete=models.CASCADE)
## 使用pyhon-shell命令行行窗口
 python .\manage.py shell
## 进入数据源管理(数据迁移工具)
python .\manage.py makemigrations learning_logs 
It is impossible to add a non-nullable field 'owner' to topic without specifying a default. This is because the database needs something to populate existing rows.
Please select a fix:
 1) Provide a one-off default now (will be set on all existing rows with a null value for this column)
 2) Quit and manually define a default value in models.py.
Select an option: 1
>>> 1
Migrations for 'learning_logs':
  learning_logs\migrations\0004_topic_owner.py
    + Add field owner to topic
### 保存数据源
python .\manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, learning_logs, sessions
Running migrations:
  Applying learning_logs.0004_topic_owner... OK
## 回到python-shell窗口,查看文件权限情况
>>> from learning_logs.models import Topic
>>> for topic in Topic.objects.all():
...     print(topic,topic.owner)
...
Python admin
halo admin
Python字典 admin
python列表 admin
666 admin
0666 admin
>>>
### 数据重建工具
python .\manage.py flush 
## 修改view.py逻辑(让创建内容与用户一一对应)
topics=Topic.objects.filter(owner=request.user).order_by('data_added')
        数据校验截图如下
test用户下主题情况

admin用户下主题情况

限制url登录
访问url还是能以自身身份访问网页

如果出现异常访问抛出404异常(view.py文件)
            
            
              python
              
              
            
          
          def topic(request, topic_id):
    topic=Topic.objects.get(id=topic_id)
    if topic.owner !=request.user:            ## 设置404权限认证
        raise Http404
    entries=topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')            ## 对topic条目进行降序排序
    context={ 'topic':topic, 'entries':entries }
    return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html',context)
@login_required            ###添加权限认证
def new_topic(request):
    '''添加新主题'''
    if request.method != 'POST':
        form = TopicForm
    else:
        form = TopicForm(request.POST)
        ## 检查数据的合法性
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topics'))
    context={'form':form}
    return render(request,'learning_logs/new_topic.html',context)
### 将数据与用户进行绑定关联
@login_required
def new_topic(request):
    '''添加新主题'''
    if request.method != 'POST':
        form = TopicForm
    else:
        form = TopicForm(request.POST)
        ## 检查数据的合法性
        if form.is_valid():
            # form.save()
            
            ### 将数据存放到new_topic中
            new_topic=form.save(commit=False)
            new_topic.owner=request.user
            new_topic.save()
            
            
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topics'))
    context={'form':form}
    return render(request,'learning_logs/new_topic.html',context)