WebSocket是一种在单个TCP连接上进行全双工通信的协议,它使得客户端和服务器之间的数据交换变得更加简单,允许服务端主动向客户端推送数据。下面我将详细介绍如何在Spring Boot项目中集成WebSocket,并提供完整的实战代码。
一、项目配置与依赖
1. 添加依赖
首先在pom.xml
中添加必要依赖:
xml
<dependencies>
<!-- WebSocket支持 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-websocket</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- Web支持 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- Lombok简化代码 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
<!-- JSON处理 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
<artifactId>fastjson</artifactId>
<version>1.2.83</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
2. WebSocket配置类
kotlin
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.socket.server.standard.ServerEndpointExporter;
@Configuration
public class WebSocketConfig {
@Bean
public ServerEndpointExporter serverEndpointExporter() {
return new ServerEndpointExporter();
}
}
二、WebSocket服务端实现
1. 消息实体类
typescript
import lombok.Data;
@Data
public class WebSocketMessage {
private String type; // 消息类型:heartbeat/unicast/broadcast
private String from; // 发送者ID
private String to; // 接收者ID(单播时使用)
private String content; // 消息内容
private Long timestamp; // 时间戳
}
2. WebSocket服务核心类
typescript
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import javax.websocket.*;
import javax.websocket.server.PathParam;
import javax.websocket.server.ServerEndpoint;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
@Slf4j
@Component
@ServerEndpoint("/ws/{userId}")
public class WebSocketServer {
// 在线连接数
private static final AtomicInteger onlineCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
// 存放每个客户端对应的WebSocketServer对象
private static final ConcurrentHashMap<String, WebSocketServer> webSocketMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
// 与某个客户端的连接会话
private Session session;
// 接收的用户ID
private String userId;
// 最后心跳时间
private long lastHeartbeatTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
/**
* 连接建立成功调用的方法
*/
@OnOpen
public void onOpen(Session session, @PathParam("userId") String userId) {
this.session = session;
this.userId = userId;
if (webSocketMap.containsKey(userId)) {
webSocketMap.remove(userId);
webSocketMap.put(userId, this);
} else {
webSocketMap.put(userId, this);
addOnlineCount();
}
log.info("用户连接:{},当前在线人数:{}", userId, getOnlineCount());
// 启动心跳检测线程
new HeartbeatThread().start();
}
/**
* 连接关闭调用的方法
*/
@OnClose
public void onClose() {
if (webSocketMap.containsKey(userId)) {
webSocketMap.remove(userId);
subOnlineCount();
}
log.info("用户退出:{},当前在线人数:{}", userId, getOnlineCount());
}
/**
* 收到客户端消息后调用的方法
*/
@OnMessage
public void onMessage(String message, Session session) {
log.info("收到用户{}的消息:{}", userId, message);
WebSocketMessage msg = JSON.parseObject(message, WebSocketMessage.class);
// 心跳检测
if ("heartbeat".equals(msg.getType())) {
this.lastHeartbeatTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
return;
}
// 处理业务消息
switch (msg.getType()) {
case "unicast":
sendToUser(msg.getTo(), message);
break;
case "broadcast":
broadcast(message);
break;
default:
log.warn("未知的消息类型:{}", msg.getType());
}
}
/**
* 发生错误时调用
*/
@OnError
public void onError(Session session, Throwable error) {
log.error("用户{}的连接发生错误:{}", userId, error.getMessage());
error.printStackTrace();
}
/**
* 单播消息
*/
public static void sendToUser(String toUserId, String message) {
if (webSocketMap.containsKey(toUserId)) {
webSocketMap.get(toUserId).sendMessage(message);
} else {
log.warn("用户{}不在线,消息发送失败", toUserId);
}
}
/**
* 广播消息
*/
public static void broadcast(String message) {
webSocketMap.forEach((userId, server) -> {
if (server.session.isOpen()) {
server.sendMessage(message);
}
});
}
/**
* 服务器主动推送
*/
public void sendMessage(String message) {
try {
this.session.getBasicRemote().sendText(message);
} catch (IOException e) {
log.error("发送消息失败:{}", e.getMessage());
}
}
public static synchronized int getOnlineCount() {
return onlineCount.get();
}
public static synchronized void addOnlineCount() {
onlineCount.incrementAndGet();
}
public static synchronized void subOnlineCount() {
onlineCount.decrementAndGet();
}
/**
* 心跳检测线程
*/
private class HeartbeatThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
while (session.isOpen()) {
try {
// 每30秒检测一次
Thread.sleep(30000);
// 超过60秒未收到心跳,关闭连接
if (System.currentTimeMillis() - lastHeartbeatTime > 60000) {
session.close();
break;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
log.error("心跳检测异常:{}", e.getMessage());
break;
}
}
}
}
}
3. WebSocket控制器(可选)
less
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/ws")
public class WebSocketController {
@PostMapping("/sendToUser")
public String sendToUser(@RequestParam String toUserId, @RequestParam String message) {
WebSocketServer.sendToUser(toUserId, message);
return "消息已发送";
}
@PostMapping("/broadcast")
public String broadcast(@RequestParam String message) {
WebSocketServer.broadcast(message);
return "广播已发送";
}
}
三、前端实现
1. HTML页面
xml
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>WebSocket测试</title>
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h2>WebSocket测试</h2>
<div>
<label>用户ID:</label>
<input type="text" id="userId" value="user1">
<button onclick="connect()">连接</button>
<button onclick="disconnect()" disabled id="disconnectBtn">断开</button>
</div>
<div>
<label>目标用户:</label>
<input type="text" id="toUserId" value="user2">
<label>消息内容:</label>
<input type="text" id="message" value="Hello WebSocket">
<button onclick="sendUnicast()">单播</button>
<button onclick="sendBroadcast()">广播</button>
</div>
<div>
<h3>消息日志:</h3>
<div id="messageLog" style="height:300px;overflow-y:scroll;border:1px solid #ccc;"></div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
var websocket = null;
var heartbeatInterval = null;
// 连接WebSocket
function connect() {
var userId = $('#userId').val();
if (!userId) {
alert('请输入用户ID');
return;
}
if ('WebSocket' in window) {
websocket = new WebSocket('ws://' + window.location.host + '/ws/' + userId);
} else {
alert('当前浏览器不支持WebSocket');
return;
}
websocket.onopen = function() {
logMessage('连接已建立');
$('#disconnectBtn').prop('disabled', false);
// 启动心跳检测
startHeartbeat();
};
websocket.onmessage = function(event) {
logMessage('收到消息: ' + event.data);
};
websocket.onclose = function() {
logMessage('连接已关闭');
$('#disconnectBtn').prop('disabled', true);
// 停止心跳检测
stopHeartbeat();
};
websocket.onerror = function(error) {
logMessage('发生错误: ' + error.data);
};
}
// 断开连接
function disconnect() {
if (websocket != null) {
websocket.close();
}
}
// 发送单播消息
function sendUnicast() {
if (websocket == null || websocket.readyState != WebSocket.OPEN) {
alert('请先建立连接');
return;
}
var message = {
type: 'unicast',
from: $('#userId').val(),
to: $('#toUserId').val(),
content: $('#message').val(),
timestamp: new Date().getTime()
};
websocket.send(JSON.stringify(message));
logMessage('已发送单播消息: ' + JSON.stringify(message));
}
// 发送广播消息
function sendBroadcast() {
if (websocket == null || websocket.readyState != WebSocket.OPEN) {
alert('请先建立连接');
return;
}
var message = {
type: 'broadcast',
from: $('#userId').val(),
content: $('#message').val(),
timestamp: new Date().getTime()
};
websocket.send(JSON.stringify(message));
logMessage('已发送广播消息: ' + JSON.stringify(message));
}
// 启动心跳检测
function startHeartbeat() {
// 每20秒发送一次心跳
heartbeatInterval = setInterval(function() {
if (websocket.readyState == WebSocket.OPEN) {
var heartbeat = {
type: 'heartbeat',
from: $('#userId').val(),
timestamp: new Date().getTime()
};
websocket.send(JSON.stringify(heartbeat));
logMessage('已发送心跳');
}
}, 20000);
}
// 停止心跳检测
function stopHeartbeat() {
if (heartbeatInterval != null) {
clearInterval(heartbeatInterval);
heartbeatInterval = null;
}
}
// 记录日志
function logMessage(message) {
var logDiv = $('#messageLog');
logDiv.append('<p>' + new Date().toLocaleString() + ' - ' + message + '</p>');
logDiv.scrollTop(logDiv[0].scrollHeight);
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
四、功能测试
-
连接测试:
- 启动Spring Boot应用
- 打开两个浏览器窗口,分别输入不同用户ID连接
- 观察控制台日志,确认连接建立
-
单播测试:
- 在窗口A输入目标用户ID(窗口B的用户ID)和消息内容
- 点击"单播"按钮,确认窗口B收到消息
-
广播测试:
- 在任意窗口点击"广播"按钮
- 确认所有连接的窗口都收到消息
-
心跳检测测试:
- 观察控制台日志,确认每20秒发送一次心跳
- 断开网络连接60秒以上,确认自动断开WebSocket连接
五、高级功能扩展
1. 消息持久化
typescript
// 在WebSocketServer类中添加
private void saveMessage(WebSocketMessage message) {
// 实现消息存储逻辑,可存入数据库或Redis
log.info("存储消息: {}", JSON.toJSONString(message));
}
2. 断线重连机制(前端)
ini
// 修改前端connect函数
var reconnectAttempts = 0;
var maxReconnectAttempts = 5;
var reconnectInterval = 5000; // 5秒
function connect() {
// ...原有代码...
websocket.onclose = function() {
logMessage('连接已关闭');
$('#disconnectBtn').prop('disabled', true);
stopHeartbeat();
// 断线重连逻辑
if (reconnectAttempts < maxReconnectAttempts) {
reconnectAttempts++;
logMessage('尝试重新连接(' + reconnectAttempts + '/' + maxReconnectAttempts + ')');
setTimeout(connect, reconnectInterval);
}
};
// 连接成功后重置重试计数
websocket.onopen = function() {
reconnectAttempts = 0;
// ...原有代码...
};
}
3. 使用STOMP协议(可选)
如果需要更复杂的消息路由和订阅/发布模式,可以考虑使用STOMP协议:
typescript
@Configuration
@EnableWebSocketMessageBroker
public class WebSocketStompConfig implements WebSocketMessageBrokerConfigurer {
@Override
public void configureMessageBroker(MessageBrokerRegistry config) {
config.enableSimpleBroker("/topic", "/queue");
config.setApplicationDestinationPrefixes("/app");
config.setUserDestinationPrefix("/user");
}
@Override
public void registerStompEndpoints(StompEndpointRegistry registry) {
registry.addEndpoint("/ws-stomp")
.setAllowedOriginPatterns("*")
.withSockJS();
}
}
六、优化
实际项目中,还可以根据需求进一步优化:
- 添加JWT认证机制
- 实现消息历史记录查询
- 增加用户在线状态管理
对于高并发场景,可以考虑以下优化:
-
使用
session.getAsyncRemote().sendText()
替代同步发送 -
增加消息缓冲区
-
使用Redis等中间件实现分布式WebSocket