Oracle 表空间检查与监控配置详解

一、基础查询：表空间使用率概览

1.1 表空间使用率查询

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-- 查看所有表空间使用情况（包含自动扩展信息）
SELECT 
    a.tablespace_name AS "表空间名称",
    ROUND(a.bytes/1024/1024/1024, 2) AS "总大小(GB)",
    ROUND(b.free_bytes/1024/1024/1024, 2) AS "空闲空间(GB)",
    ROUND((a.bytes - b.free_bytes)/1024/1024/1024, 2) AS "已使用(GB)",
    ROUND((a.bytes - b.free_bytes)/a.bytes * 100, 2) AS "使用率(%)",
    c.autoextensible AS "自动扩展",
    ROUND(c.maxbytes/1024/1024/1024, 2) AS "最大可扩展(GB)",
    ROUND(c.increment_by * c.block_size/1024/1024, 2) AS "扩展增量(MB)",
    COUNT(c.file_id) AS "数据文件数"
FROM 
    (SELECT tablespace_name, SUM(bytes) bytes
     FROM dba_data_files 
     GROUP BY tablespace_name) a,
    (SELECT tablespace_name, SUM(bytes) free_bytes
     FROM dba_free_space 
     GROUP BY tablespace_name) b,
    (SELECT tablespace_name, file_id, autoextensible, maxbytes, increment_by, block_size
     FROM dba_data_files) c
WHERE a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name
  AND a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name
GROUP BY a.tablespace_name, a.bytes, b.free_bytes, c.autoextensible, 
         ROUND(c.maxbytes/1024/1024/1024, 2), 
         ROUND(c.increment_by * c.block_size/1024/1024, 2)
ORDER BY "使用率(%)" DESC;

1.2 快速查询(11g 以上版本)

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SELECT * FROM DBA_TABLESPACE_USAGE_METRICS ORDER BY 4;

二、详细分析：数据文件级别检查

2.1 数据文件详细信息查询

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-- 查看每个数据文件的详细信息和自动扩展设置
SELECT 
    tablespace_name AS "表空间",
    file_name AS "数据文件",
    ROUND(bytes/1024/1024/1024, 2) AS "当前大小(GB)",
    ROUND(maxbytes/1024/1024/1024, 2) AS "最大大小(GB)",
    autoextensible AS "自动扩展",
    ROUND(increment_by * block_size/1024/1024, 2) AS "扩展增量(MB)",
    status AS "状态",
    online_status AS "在线状态"
FROM dba_data_files
ORDER BY tablespace_name, file_name;

2.2 自动扩展配置检查

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-- 检查自动扩展配置是否合理
SELECT 
    tablespace_name AS "表空间",
    file_name AS "数据文件",
    autoextensible AS "自动扩展",
    CASE 
        WHEN autoextensible = 'YES' THEN '已启用自动扩展'
        ELSE '未启用自动扩展 - 需要关注空间使用'
    END AS "扩展状态",
    ROUND(bytes/1024/1024, 2) AS "当前大小(MB)",
    ROUND(maxbytes/1024/1024, 2) AS "最大大小(MB)",
    ROUND((bytes/maxbytes)*100, 2) AS "扩展进度(%)"
FROM dba_data_files
WHERE autoextensible = 'YES'
ORDER BY tablespace_name;

SQL

三、临时表空间检查

3.1 临时表空间使用率查询

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-- 临时表空间使用情况检查
SELECT 
    c.tablespace_name AS "临时表空间",
    TO_CHAR(c.bytes / 1024 / 1024 / 1024, '99,999.999') AS "总大小(GB)",
    TO_CHAR(d.bytes_used / 1024 / 1024 / 1024, '99,999.999') AS "已使用(GB)",
    TO_CHAR((c.bytes - d.bytes_used) / 1024 / 1024 / 1024, '99,999.999') AS "空闲空间(GB)",
    TO_CHAR(d.bytes_used * 100 / c.bytes, '99.99') || '%' AS "使用率"
FROM 
    (SELECT tablespace_name, SUM(bytes) bytes
     FROM dba_temp_files 
     GROUP BY tablespace_name) c,
    (SELECT tablespace_name, SUM(bytes_cached) bytes_used
     FROM v$temp_extent_pool 
     GROUP BY tablespace_name) d
WHERE c.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name;

3.2 实时临时空间使用监控

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-- 查看当前正在使用临时空间的SQL会话
SELECT 
    a.username,
    a.sql_id,
    a.SEGTYPE AS "段类型",
    b.BYTES_USED/1024/1024/1024 AS "临时空间使用(GB)",
    b.BYTES_FREE/1024/1024/1024 AS "剩余临时空间(GB)"
FROM V$TEMPSEG_USAGE a 
JOIN V$TEMP_SPACE_HEADER b ON a.TABLESPACE = b.tablespace_name;

SQL

四、UNDO表空间检查

4.1 UNDO表空间使用率分析

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-- UNDO表空间使用情况检查
SELECT 
    tablespace_name AS "UNDO表空间",
    ROUND(SUM(bytes)/1024/1024/1024, 2) AS "总大小(GB)",
    ROUND(SUM(CASE WHEN status IN ('ACTIVE','UNEXPIRED') THEN bytes ELSE 0 END)/1024/1024/1024, 2) AS "已使用(GB)",
    ROUND(SUM(CASE WHEN status = 'EXPIRED' THEN bytes ELSE 0 END)/1024/1024/1024, 2) AS "可回收空间(GB)",
    ROUND(SUM(CASE WHEN status IN ('ACTIVE','UNEXPIRED') THEN bytes ELSE 0 END) * 100 / SUM(bytes), 2) AS "使用率(%)"
FROM dba_undo_extents
GROUP BY tablespace_name;

4.2 UNDO自动扩展和保留策略

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-- 检查UNDO表空间属性和自动扩展设置
SELECT 
    tablespace_name AS "表空间名称",
    retention AS "保留策略",
    ROUND(initial_extent/1024/1024, 2) AS "初始扩展(MB)",
    ROUND(next_extent/1024/1024, 2) AS "下次扩展(MB)",
    status AS "状态",
    contents AS "内容类型"
FROM dba_tablespaces 
WHERE contents = 'UNDO';

五、表空间增长趋势分析

5.1 表空间历史增长量统计

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-- 统计表空间每日增长量（文档中提供的脚本）
SELECT 
    a.name AS "表空间名称",
    b.tablespace_id,
    TRUNC(TO_DATE(b.rtime, 'mm/dd/yyyy hh24:mi:ss')) AS "统计日期",
    ROUND(MAX(b.tablespace_usedsize * 8 / 1024), 2) AS "使用大小(MB)",
    ROUND(MAX(b.tablespace_usedsize * 8 / 1024 / 1024), 2) AS "使用大小(GB)"
FROM v$tablespace a,
    (SELECT tablespace_id,
            TRUNC(TO_DATE(rtime, 'mm/dd/yyyy hh24:mi:ss')) AS datetime,
            ROUND(MAX(tablespace_usedsize * 8 / 1024), 2) AS "used_size(MB)",
            ROUND(MAX(tablespace_usedsize * 8 / 1024 / 1024), 2) AS "used_size(GB)"
     FROM dba_hist_tbspc_space_usage
     WHERE TRUNC(TO_DATE(rtime, 'mm/dd/yyyy hh24:mi:ss')) > TRUNC(SYSDATE - 30)
     GROUP BY tablespace_id, TRUNC(TO_DATE(rtime, 'mm/dd/yyyy hh24:mi:ss'))
     ORDER BY tablespace_id, TRUNC(TO_DATE(rtime, 'mm/dd/yyyy hh24:mi:ss'))) b
WHERE a.ts# = b.tablespace_id
ORDER BY a.name, b.datetime;

SQL

5.2 表空间增长率和趋势预测

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-- 表空间增长量和增长率分析
SELECT 
    A.NAME AS "表空间名称",
    B.TABLESPACE_ID,
    B.DATETIME AS "统计日期",
    B.USED_SIZE_MB AS "使用大小(MB)",
    B.INC_MB AS "日增长量(MB)",
    CASE 
        WHEN SUBSTR(INC_RATE, 1, 1) = '.' THEN '0' || INC_RATE
        WHEN SUBSTR(INC_RATE, 1, 2) = '-.' THEN '-0' || SUBSTR(INC_RATE, 2, LENGTH(INC_RATE))
        ELSE INC_RATE
    END AS "日增长率"
FROM V$TABLESPACE A,
    (SELECT TABLESPACE_ID,
            DATETIME,
            USED_SIZE_MB,
            (DECODE(PREV_USE_MB, 0, 0, USED_SIZE_MB) - PREV_USE_MB) AS INC_MB,
            TO_CHAR(ROUND((DECODE(PREV_USE_MB, 0, 0, USED_SIZE_MB) - PREV_USE_MB) / 
                          DECODE(PREV_USE_MB, 0, 1, PREV_USE_MB) * 100, 2)) || '%' AS INC_RATE
     FROM (SELECT TABLESPACE_ID,
                  TRUNC(TO_DATE(RTIME, 'mm/dd/yyyy hh24:mi:ss')) DATETIME,
                  MAX(TABLESPACE_USEDSIZE * 8 / 1024) USED_SIZE_MB,
                  LAG(MAX(TABLESPACE_USEDSIZE * 8 / 1024), 1, 0) 
                      OVER(PARTITION BY TABLESPACE_ID ORDER BY TRUNC(TO_DATE(RTIME, 'mm/dd/yyyy hh24:mi:ss'))) AS PREV_USE_MB
           FROM DBA_HIST_TBSPC_SPACE_USAGE
           WHERE TRUNC(TO_DATE(RTIME, 'mm/dd/yyyy hh24:mi:ss')) > TRUNC(SYSDATE - 30)
           GROUP BY TABLESPACE_ID, TRUNC(TO_DATE(RTIME, 'mm/dd/yyyy hh24:mi:ss')))) B
WHERE A.TS# = B.TABLESPACE_ID
ORDER BY B.TABLESPACE_ID, DATETIME;

六、表空间碎片检查

6.1 表空间碎片分析

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-- 检查表空间碎片情况（文档中提供的脚本）
SET LINES 200 PAGES 200 HEAD ON FEEDBACK OFF
COL MES FOR A100


WITH 
t1 AS (SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME, ROUND(USED_SPACE/128) mb, ROUND(TABLESPACE_SIZE/128) totalmb, ROUND(USED_PERCENT,2) USED_PERCENT
       FROM dba_tablespace_usage_metrics),
t1_filter AS (SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE totalmb-mb < 100*POWER(2,10) AND USED_PERCENT > 90),
t2 AS (SELECT fs.tablespace_name, fs.bytes/POWER(2,20) mb, COUNT(*) cnt 
       FROM DBA_FREE_SPACE fs, t1_filter t1f
       WHERE fs.tablespace_name = t1f.tablespace_name
       GROUP BY fs.tablespace_name, fs.bytes/POWER(2,20)),
t3 AS (SELECT tablespace_name, 
              CASE WHEN mb < 1 THEN '<1MB' WHEN mb < 4 THEN '<4MB' ELSE '>=4MB' END size_range,
              SUM(mb) mb, SUM(cnt) cnt
       FROM t2 
       GROUP BY tablespace_name, CASE WHEN mb < 1 THEN '<1MB' WHEN mb < 4 THEN '<4MB' ELSE '>=4MB' END),
t4 AS (SELECT tablespace_name, size_range, mb, cnt, 
              RATIO_TO_REPORT(mb) OVER(PARTITION BY tablespace_name) rtp
       FROM t3),
t5 AS (SELECT tablespace_name,
              NVL(mb_less_1,0) mb_less_1, NVL(cnt_less_1,0) cnt_less_1, NVL(rtp_less_1,0) rtp_less_1,
              NVL(mb_less_4,0) mb_less_4, NVL(cnt_less_4,0) cnt_less_4, NVL(rtp_less_4,0) rtp_less_4,
              NVL(mb_more_4,0) mb_more_4, NVL(cnt_more_4,0) cnt_more_4, NVL(rtp_more_4,0) rtp_more_4
       FROM (SELECT tablespace_name,
                    MAX(CASE WHEN size_range = '<1MB' THEN mb END) mb_less_1,
                    MAX(CASE WHEN size_range = '<1MB' THEN cnt END) cnt_less_1,
                    MAX(CASE WHEN size_range = '<1MB' THEN rtp END) rtp_less_1,
                    MAX(CASE WHEN size_range = '<4MB' THEN mb END) mb_less_4,
                    MAX(CASE WHEN size_range = '<4MB' THEN cnt END) cnt_less_4,
                    MAX(CASE WHEN size_range = '<4MB' THEN rtp END) rtp_less_4,
                    MAX(CASE WHEN size_range = '>=4MB' THEN mb END) mb_more_4,
                    MAX(CASE WHEN size_range = '>=4MB' THEN cnt END) cnt_more_4,
                    MAX(CASE WHEN size_range = '>=4MB' THEN rtp END) rtp_more_4
             FROM t4 
             GROUP BY tablespace_name))
SELECT 'Tablespace :' || tablespace_name || 
       ' is no continuous space greater than or equal to 4M, or the total is less than 5G, and the table space usage rate exceeds 90%' AS MES
FROM t5 
WHERE NOT (cnt_more_4 >= 1 AND mb_more_4 > 5120);

七、自动扩展管理和优化建议

7.1 自动扩展配置检查

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-- 检查需要优化自动扩展配置的表空间
SELECT 
    tablespace_name AS "表空间",
    file_name AS "数据文件",
    autoextensible AS "自动扩展",
    ROUND(bytes/1024/1024, 2) AS "当前大小(MB)",
    ROUND(maxbytes/1024/1024, 2) AS "最大大小(MB)",
    ROUND(increment_by * block_size/1024/1024, 2) AS "扩展增量(MB)",
    CASE 
        WHEN autoextensible = 'NO' THEN '建议启用自动扩展'
        WHEN increment_by * block_size < 10485760 THEN '扩展增量过小，建议调整'
        WHEN maxbytes = 0 THEN '未设置最大限制，存在风险'
        ELSE '配置正常'
    END AS "优化建议"
FROM dba_data_files
WHERE tablespace_name NOT IN ('SYSTEM', 'SYSAUX')
ORDER BY tablespace_name;

7.2 自动扩展配置修改示例

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-- 启用数据文件自动扩展
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/users01.dbf' 
AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 100M MAXSIZE 10G;


-- 修改自动扩展参数
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/users01.dbf' 
AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 500M MAXSIZE UNLIMITED;


-- 禁用自动扩展
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/users01.dbf' 
AUTOEXTEND OFF;

八、监控脚本和告警阈值设置

8.1 表空间监控脚本（包含告警）

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-- 表空间监控告警脚本
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
    v_warning_threshold NUMBER := 85;  -- 警告阈值 85%
    v_critical_threshold NUMBER := 95; -- 严重阈值 95%
    v_count NUMBER := 0;
BEGIN
    FOR rec IN (
        SELECT tablespace_name, 
               ROUND((total_bytes - free_bytes) / total_bytes * 100, 2) usage_pct
        FROM (SELECT tablespace_name, SUM(bytes) total_bytes
              FROM dba_data_files GROUP BY tablespace_name) t,
             (SELECT tablespace_name, SUM(bytes) free_bytes
              FROM dba_free_space GROUP BY tablespace_name) f
        WHERE t.tablespace_name = f.tablespace_name
    )
    LOOP
        IF rec.usage_pct >= v_critical_threshold THEN
            DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('CRITICAL: Tablespace ' || rec.tablespace_name || 
                               ' usage is ' || rec.usage_pct || '% - IMMEDIATE ACTION REQUIRED!');
            v_count := v_count + 1;
        ELSIF rec.usage_pct >= v_warning_threshold THEN
            DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('WARNING: Tablespace ' || rec.tablespace_name || 
                               ' usage is ' || rec.usage_pct || '% - Monitor closely');
            v_count := v_count + 1;
        END IF;
    END LOOP;
    
    IF v_count = 0 THEN
        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('All tablespaces are within normal usage limits');
    END IF;
END;
/

九、总结与最佳实践

9.1 表空间管理最佳实践

定期监控：建议每天检查表空间使用率
合理设置自动扩展：根据业务增长设置合适的扩展增量
设置最大限制：避免数据文件无限增长
预留缓冲空间：保持使用率在80%以下
及时处理告警：设置合理的监控阈值

9.2 关键监控指标

使用率 > 85%：发出警告，需要关注
使用率 > 95%：严重告警，立即处理
自动扩展禁用：高风险，需要评估
碎片率过高：影响性能，需要整理

通过以上脚本和监控方案，可以全面掌握Oracle数据库表空间的使用情况，及时发现潜在问题，确保数据库稳定运行。