Docker 部署 Elasticsearch 8.12 + Kibana + Nginx 负载均衡

适用系统：CentOS 7

依赖：Docker ≥ 20.10、docker-compose ≥ v2.0

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1 部署前检查

检查项	命令/路径	期望结果
Docker 已安装	docker -v	版本 ≥ 20.10
docker-compose 已安装	docker compose version	版本 ≥ v2.0
内核参数	sysctl vm.max_map_count	≥ 262144
防火墙	firewall-cmd --state	如开启需放行 9200/9300/5601/80

若 vm.max_map_count 不足，请执行

echo "vm.max_map_count=262144" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
sudo sysctl -p

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2 节点规划

节点	主机名	IP	角色
ES-1	es-node-1	10.32.0.32	master & data
ES-2	es-node-2	10.32.0.33	master & data
ES-3	es-node-3	10.32.0.34	master & data
LB+Kibana	------	10.32.0.35	Nginx + Kibana

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3 生成 TLS 证书（仅需一次）

# 在任一 ES 节点执行
cd /opt/elasticsearch
mkdir tmp
chown -R 1000:1000 tmp

# 生成 CA
docker run --rm -v $PWD/tmp:/tmp/certs \
  docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch:8.12.0 \
  bash -c "elasticsearch-certutil ca --silent --out /tmp/certs/elastic-stack-ca.p12"

# 签发节点证书
docker run --rm -v $PWD/tmp:/tmp/certs \
  docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch:8.12.0 \
  bash -c "elasticsearch-certutil cert --ca /tmp/certs/elastic-stack-ca.p12 --out /tmp/certs/elastic-certificates.p12"

mv tmp/elastic-certificates.p12 config

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4 节点目录结构（所有 ES 节点保持一致）

/opt/elasticsearch/
├── config/
│   ├── elasticsearch.yml
│   └── elastic-certificates.p12
├── data/
├── logs/
└── docker-compose.yml

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5 配置 elasticsearch.yml（示例：es-node-2）

cluster.name: my-es-cluster
node.name: es-node-2
network.host: 0.0.0.0
network.publish_host: 10.32.0.33        # ← 本机实际 IP

# TLS
xpack.security.transport.ssl.enabled: true
xpack.security.transport.ssl.verification_mode: certificate
xpack.security.transport.ssl.keystore.path: /usr/share/elasticsearch/config/certs/elastic-certificates.p12
xpack.security.transport.ssl.truststore.path: /usr/share/elasticsearch/config/certs/elastic-certificates.p12

# 路径
path.data: /usr/share/elasticsearch/data
path.logs: /usr/share/elasticsearch/logs

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6 docker-compose.yml（所有 ES 节点）

仅需修改 node.name 与 container_name 即可复用

version: '3.7'
services:
  elasticsearch:
    image: docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch:8.12.0
    container_name: es-node-2
    environment:
      - node.name=es-node-2
      - cluster.name=my-es-cluster
      - discovery.seed_hosts=10.32.0.32,10.32.0.33,10.32.0.34
      - cluster.initial_master_nodes=es-node-1,es-node-2,es-node-3
      - ES_JAVA_OPTS=-Xms8g -Xmx8g
      - xpack.security.enabled=true
    volumes:
      - ./data:/usr/share/elasticsearch/data
      - ./logs:/usr/share/elasticsearch/logs
      - ./config/elasticsearch.yml:/usr/share/elasticsearch/config/elasticsearch.yml:ro
      - ./config/elastic-certificates.p12:/usr/share/elasticsearch/config/certs/elastic-certificates.p12:ro
    ports:
      - "9200:9200"
      - "9300:9300"
    restart: unless-stopped

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7 启动集群 & 设置密码

# 依次在 3 台节点执行
cd /opt/elasticsearch
docker compose up -d

# 任选一台节点重置 elastic 用户密码
docker exec -it es-node-1 elasticsearch-reset-password -u elastic -i

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8 验证集群

curl -u elastic:<密码> http://10.32.0.32:9200/_cat/nodes?v

预期输出包含 3 个节点，master 列有且仅有一个 *。

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9 部署 Nginx（10.32.0.35）

9.1 编译安装 Nginx（如需最新版）

# 安装依赖
sudo yum groupinstall -y "Development Tools"
sudo yum install -y pcre-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel

# 下载 & 编译
cd /usr/local/src
wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz
tar -xzf nginx-1.28.0.tar.gz && cd nginx-1.28.0

./configure \
  --prefix=/usr/local/nginx \
  --with-http_ssl_module \
  --with-http_v2_module \
  --with-stream

make && sudo make install

# systemd 服务
sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service > /dev/null <<'EOF'
[Unit]
Description=NGINX
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=forking
PIDFile=/var/run/nginx.pid
ExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
ExecStop=/bin/kill -s QUIT $MAINPID
Restart=on-failure

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now nginx

9.2 配置负载均衡

新建 /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/es.conf：

upstream es {
    ip_hash;                         # 会话保持
    server 10.32.0.32:9200 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=5s;
    server 10.32.0.33:9200 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=5s;
    server 10.32.0.34:9200 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=5s;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name 10.32.0.35;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://es;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Connection "";
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
    }
}

重载：

nginx -t && systemctl reload nginx

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10 部署 Kibana（10.32.0.35）

10.1 安装

wget https://artifacts.elastic.co/downloads/kibana/kibana-8.12.0-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
tar -xzf kibana-8.12.0-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
mv kibana-8.12.0 /opt/kibana
useradd -r -s /bin/false kibana
chown -R kibana:kibana /opt/kibana

10.2 重置 kibana_system 密码

# 在 ES 容器内执行
elasticsearch-reset-password -u kibana_system -i

10.3 配置 /opt/kibana/config/kibana.yml

server.port: 5601
server.host: "0.0.0.0"
elasticsearch.hosts:
  - http://10.32.0.32:9200
  - http://10.32.0.33:9200
  - http://10.32.0.34:9200
elasticsearch.username: "kibana_system"
elasticsearch.password: "<上一步密码>"

10.4 创建系统用户

# 创建系统用户，禁止登录
sudo useradd -r -s /bin/false kibana

# 赋权
sudo chown -R kibana:kibana /opt/kibana

10.5 systemd 服务

sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/kibana.service > /dev/null <<'EOF'
[Unit]
Description=Kibana
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=simple
User=kibana
Group=kibana
ExecStart=/opt/kibana/bin/kibana
Restart=always
WorkingDirectory=/opt/kibana

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now kibana

10.6 验证

浏览器访问 http://10.32.0.35:5601，使用 elastic 用户登录即可。

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11 常见问题 FAQ

现象	根因	快速修复
vm.max_map_count too low	内核参数不足	见"部署前检查"
节点无法发现对方	network.publish_host 未配或 node.name 重复	检查 elasticsearch.yml 与 docker-compose.yml，清理 data/ 后重启容器
AccessDeniedException	目录权限错误	chown -R 1000:1000 data/ logs/
Kibana 无法连接 ES	密码错误 / ES 未开启 TLS	确认 kibana_system 密码正确，且 ES 对外 9200 可达

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