一、信息收集技术(Information-Gathering Techniques)
(一)主要方法(Main Methods)
- 采访用户和其他利益相关者(Interviewing users and other stakeholders)
- 分发和收集问卷(Distributing and collecting questionnaires)
- 审查输入、输出和程序(Reviewing inputs, outputs, and procedures)
- 观察和记录业务流程(Observing and documenting business processes)
- 研究供应商解决方案(Researching vendor solutions)
- 收集活跃的用户评论和建议(Collecting active user comments and suggestions)
(二)采访(Interview)
问题类型(Question Types)
- 开放式问题(Open-ended questions):用于获取解释和展开讨论,如 "您如何执行这个功能?"(Used to get explanations and discussions, e.g., "How do you do this function?" )
- 封闭式问题(Closed-ended questions):用于获取具体事实,如 "您每天处理多少份表格?"(Used to get specific facts, e.g., "How many forms a day do you process?" )
采访组织(Interview Organisation)
采访前(Before):为什么采访-采访什么人-谁参加-列采访的问题-审查做的这些准备-定时间
- 确立目标(Establish the objective)
- 确定涉及的用户(Determine correct user (s) to be involved)
- 确定参与的项目团队成员(Determine project team members to participate)
- 建立待讨论问题列表(Build a list of questions and issues to be discussed)
- 审查相关文档和资料(Review related documents and materials)
- 设定时间和地点并告知参与者(Set the time and location and communicate to participants)
Conducting采访中(During):提前来-规划好时间-问如果-问细节-做笔记
- 准时到达(Plan ahead, arrive early)
- 时间管理(Time management)
- 调查详情(Look for exception and opportunities to ask what if)
- 探究细节(Probe for details)
- 做详尽笔记(Take careful notes (Notes: tape recorder?))
录音可能侵犯隐私,让人感觉紧张,回答内容有所保留
Following up采访后(After):理解采访的信息-解决"假设"-列下一次问题
Absorb, understand, and document the information
Resolve what if questions that users could not answer
Make a list of new questions for the next interview
(三)问卷(Questionnaires)
适用场景(Applicable Scenarios): 大量、不同地点、初步
Collect information from a large numbe r of stakeholders possibly in different locations; often used to obtainpreliminary insight for further research using other techniques. )
局限性(Limitations): 不适合了解流程 、工作流或技术;开放式问题可能无法得到回答(Not suited to learn about processes, workflows, or techniques; open-ended questions may not be answered. )
二、模型与建模(Models and Modelling)
(一)建模原因(Reasons for Modelling)
可视化(Visualization)、简化概念(Simplify concepts)
(二)模型类型(Types of Models)
文本模型(Textualmodel):写下来、描述的内容(Something written down and described)
图形模型(Graphical models):图表、示意图(Diagrams, schematics)
数学模型(Mathematical models):公式、统计、算法(Formulas, statistics, algorithms)
(三)活动图(Activity Diagram)
记录工作流(Documenting Workflows)
工作流(Workflow): 完全处理一个业务事务或客户请求的处理步骤序列(sequence of processing steps that completely handles one business transaction or customer request )
**活动图定义(Definition of Activity Diagram):**描述用户(或系统)活动、执行每个活动的人员以及这些活动的顺序流程的 UML 图,用于显示工作流的图形模型(A UML diagram that describes user (or system) activities, the personnel performing each activity, and the sequential flow of these activities, used to show a graphical model of a workflow. )
活动图符号(Activity Diagram Symbols) :泳道(Swimlane)、启动活动(Starting activity)、结束活动(Ending activity)、过渡箭头(Transition arrow)、决策活动(Decision activity)、同步条(Synchronization bar,包括拆分 "Split" 和连接 "Join")
开发步骤(Development Steps)
确定创建适当泳道的代理(Identify the agents to create the appropriate swimlanes)
为泳道中的活动确定合适的椭圆(Identify appropriate ovals for the activities in the swimlanes)
用箭头连接椭圆(Connect the ovals with arrows)
必要时使用决策符号和同步条:决策符号表示 "二选一" 情况(Use a decision symbol to represent an either/or);同步条用于并行路径 (两条路径同时进行 ),需包含开始和结束同步条(Use synchronization bars for parallel paths- situations in which both paths are taken; include a beginning and an ending synchronization bar)
三、项目范围管理(Project Scope Management)
(一)基础概念(Basic Concepts)
****范围(Scope):****学科、组织、活动等涉及的范围(The range of things that a subject, an organization, an activity, etc. deals with. )
项目范围(Project Scope): 创建项目产品所涉及的所有工作以及用于创建产品的过程(All the work(what is or is not included) involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them. )
可交付成果(Deliverable ):作为项目一部分生产的产品 ,如硬件或软件、计划文档或会议纪要(A product produced as part of a project, such as hardware or software, planning documents, or meeting minutes. )
项目范围管理(Project Scope Management): 确定和控制项目中包含或不包含的内容的过程,确保项目团队和利益相关者对项目将生产哪些产品以及项目团队将使用哪些流程来生产这些产品有相同的理解(The processes involved in defining and controlling what is or is not included in a project, ensuring that the project team and stakeholders have the same understanding of what products the project will produce and what processes the project team will use to produce them. )
(二)项目范围管理流程(Project Scope Management Processes)
|---------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| 流程名称(Process Name) | 英文描述(English Description) | 中文描述(Chinese Description) |
| 收集需求 CollectingRequirements | Defining and documenting thefeatures and functions of the products produced during the project as well as theprocesses usedfor creating them. | 定义和记录项目期间生产的产品的特征和功能以及用于创建它们的过程。 |
| 定义范围 Defining Scope | Reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement. | 查看项目章程、需求文档和组织过程资产,以创建范围说明书。 |
| 创建工作分解结构Creating the WBS | Subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components. | 将主要项目可交付成果细分为更小、更易于管理的组件。 |
| 验证范围 Validating Scope | Formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables. | 正式验收项目可交付成果。 |
| 控制范围 Controlling Scope | Controlling changes to project scope throughout the life of the project. | 在项目的整个生命周期内控制项目范围的变更。 |
(三)收集需求的方法(Methods of Collecting Requirements)
采访-小组-创造-问卷-观察-基准产生
采访利益相关者(Interviewing stakeholders)
举办重点小组和便利讲习班(Holdingfocus groups and facilitated workshops)
运用群体创造力和决策技巧(Using group creativityand decision-making techniques)
利用问卷和调查(Utilizing questionnaires and surveys)
进行观察研究(Conductingobservation studies)
通过比较特定项目实践或产品特征(即基准测试)产生想法(Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics (i.e., benchmarking))
(四)范围说明书关键要素(Key Elements of Scope Statement)
产品范围描述(Product scope description)
产品用户验收标准(Product user acceptance criteria)
所有项目交付物的详细信息(Detailed information on all project deliverables)
随着时间推移,项目范围应变得更加明确和具体(As time progresses, the scope of a project should become more clear and specific. )
(五)工作分解结构(Work Breakdown Structure, WBS)
定义(Definition):一种面向可交付成果的项目工作分组,定义了项目的总体范围,是提供计划和管理项目进度、成本、资源和变更的基础文件(A deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project, and a foundation document that provides the basis for planning and managing project schedules, costs, resources, and changes. )
核心工具(Core Tool):分解(Decomposition),即将项目可交付成果细分为更小的部分(Subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces. )
工作包(Work Package) :WBS 最低级别的任务(A task at the lowest level of the WBS. )
创建方式(Creation Methods):
- 按产品创建(Creating by product):如内部网项目,分为网站设计、主页设计等不同产品模块(e.g., intranet project, divided into website design, home page design and other product modules. )
- 按阶段创建(Creating by phase):如软件产品发布项目,分为项目管理、产品需求、详细设计等阶段(e.g., software product release project, divided into project management, product requirements, detailed design phases. )
- 利用软件创建(Creating with software):如使用 Microsoft Project 2016 创建软件开发项目模板(e.g., using Microsoft Project 2016 to create a software development project template. )
开发方法(Development Approaches)
- 使用指南****(Using guidelines)****:部分组织(如美国国防部)提供 WBS 编制指南(Some organizations, like the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), provide guidelines for preparing WBSs. )
- 类比法****(Analogy approach)**** :审查类似项目 的 WBS 并调整适用于当前项目(Review WBSs ofsimilar projects and tailor to the current project. )
- 自上而下法****(Top-down approach)**** :从项目最大 项开始分解(Start with the largest items of the project and break them down. )
- 自下而上法****(Bottom-up approach)**** :从特定 任务开始构建(Start with thespecific tasks. )
- 思维导图法****(Mind mapping):**** 从核心 思想辐射分支构建(Uses branches radiating out from acore ideato structure thoughts and ideas. )
四、项目目标与目的(Project Goals vs. Project Objectives)
(一)核心区别(Core Differences)
|----------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 维度(Dimension) | 项目目标(Project Goals) | 项目目的(Project Objectives) |
| 本质(Nature) | "是什么"(The "WHAT") | "怎么做"(The "HOW") |
| 表述特点 Expression Feature | 宽泛、高层级陈述,设计为模糊表述(Broad/high-level statements, designed to be vague) | 具体陈述,支持目标实现,不模糊(Specific statements that support the goal, not vague) |
| 数量关系 Quantity Relationship | 项目可有多个目标(Projects may have more than one goal) | 每个目标对应多个目的(Many objectives per goal) |
| 时间属性 Time Attribute | 通常不明确时间限制(Usually no clear time limit) | 基于时间的,有明确完成时间点(Time-based, with a defined point in time for completion) |
| 衡量标准Measurement Standard | 较难直接衡量(Difficult to measure directly) | 可客观判断是否达成,更具体、可衡量(Satisfaction can be objectively judged, more specific and measurable) |
(二)SMART 原则(SMART Principle)
目的需符合 SMART 原则,即:
S(Specific):具体、明确(Concrete and well-defined)
M(Measurable):可衡量,能客观判断是否满足(Satisfaction can be objectively judged)
A(Attainable/Achievable):可实现,在相关个人或团队能力范围内(Within the power of the individual or group concerned to meet the target)
R(Relevant):相关,与项目真实目的相关联(Relevant to the true purpose of the project)
T(Time-based):有时限,有明确完成时间点(With a defined point in time by which the objective should be achieved)
(三)示例(Examples)
示例 1(Example 1)
目标(Goal):让访客相信全球变暖存在(Visitors will be convinced that global warming exists. )
目的(Objectives):
创建表格对比当前与 100 年 后应对全球变暖的成本(Create a table comparing the costs of addressing global warming today verses 100 years from now. )
在图片库中展示全球变暖的影响(Illustrate the effects of global warming in a photo gallery. )
识别并反驳全球变暖的 "误区"(Identify and address the "myths" of global warming. )
示例 2(Example 2)
目标(Goal):提高有支持需求致电公司帮助台的客户的总体满意度(Increase the overall satisfaction levels for clients calling to the company helpdesk with support needs. )
目的(Objective):在 12 月 26 日 之前升级服务台电话系统,使客户的平均等待时间 不超过两分钟(To upgrade the helpdesk phone system by December 26 to achieve average client wait times of no more than two minutes. )