基于Rust实现爬取 GitHub Trending 热门仓库

基于Rust实现爬取 GitHub Trending 热门仓库

这个实战项目将使用 Rust 实现一个爬虫，目标是爬取 GitHub Trending 页面的热门 Rust 仓库信息（仓库名、描述、星标数、作者等），并将结果输出为 JSON 文件。本次更新基于优化后的代码，重点提升了错误处理容错性和 CSS 选择器稳定性。

技术栈

• HTTP 请求 ：reqwest（ Rust 最流行的 HTTP 客户端，支持异步）

• HTML 解析 ：scraper（基于 selectors 库，支持 CSS 选择器，轻量高效）

• JSON 序列化 ：serde + serde_json（ Rust 标准的序列化 / 反序列化库）

• 异步运行时 ：tokio（ Rust 异步编程的事实标准）

• 日志 ：env_logger + log（简单的日志输出，方便调试）

• 错误处理 ：anyhow（简化错误传递，无需手动定义复杂错误类型）

项目结构

github-trending-crawler/
├── Cargo.toml       # 依赖配置
├── src/
│   └── main.rs      # 核心逻辑
└── trending_repos.json  # 输出结果文件（运行后生成）

步骤 1：创建项目并配置依赖

1.1 创建项目

cargo new github-trending-crawler
cd github-trending-crawler

1.2 配置 Cargo.toml

添加依赖项（确保版本兼容，可通过 crates.io 查询最新版本）：

[package]
name = "github-trending-crawler"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"
description = "A crawler to fetch GitHub Trending Rust repositories"
license = "MIT"

[dependencies]
# HTTP 客户端（异步）
reqwest = { version = "0.12", features = ["json", "rustls-tls"] }
# HTML 解析（CSS 选择器）
scraper = "0.18"
# JSON 序列化/反序列化
serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
serde_json = "1.0"
# 异步运行时
tokio = { version = "1.0", features = ["full"] }
# 日志
log = "0.4"
env_logger = "0.10"
# 错误处理（可选，简化错误传递）
anyhow = "1.0"

步骤 2：核心逻辑实现（src/main.rs ）

2.1 导入依赖和初始化日志

use anyhow::{Context, Result};
use log::info;
use reqwest::Client;
use scraper::{Html, Selector};
use serde::Serialize;
use std::fs::File;
use std::path::Path;

// 初始化日志（运行时打印调试信息）
fn init_logger() {
    env_logger::Builder::from_env(env_logger::Env::default().default_filter_or("info")).init();
}

2.2 定义数据结构（序列化用）

定义存储仓库信息的结构体，使用 serde::Serialize trait 支持 JSON 序列化，字段与 GitHub Trending 页面信息一一对应：

#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
struct GithubRepo {
    // 作者/组织名
    author: String,
    // 仓库名
    name: String,
    // 仓库描述
    description: Option<String>,
    // 星标数
    stars: String,
    // 分支数
    forks: String,
    // 今日新增星标
    today_stars: String,
    // 仓库链接
    url: String,
}

2.3 核心爬虫逻辑

2.3.1 构建 HTTP 客户端并请求页面

优化点：保持原有 User-Agent 伪装和超时设置，确保请求不被 GitHub 拒绝，同时保留详细的请求错误上下文：

async fn fetch_trending_page(client: &Client) -> Result<String> {
    // GitHub Trending Rust 页面 URL（按今日热门排序）
    let url = "https://github.com/trending/rust?since=daily";
    info!("Fetching page: {}", url);

    // 发送 GET 请求（设置 User-Agent 模拟浏览器，避免被 GitHub 拦截）
    let response = client
        .get(url)
        .header("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.0.0 Safari/537.36")
        .send()
        .await
        .context(format!("Failed to request URL: {}", url))?;

    // 检查响应状态码（200-299 为成功状态）
    if !response.status().is_success() {
        return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
            "Request failed with status: {}",
            response.status()
        ));
    }

    // 读取响应体（HTML 字符串），并记录页面大小
    let html = response.text().await.context("Failed to read response body")?;
    info!("Successfully fetched page (size: {} bytes)", html.len());
    Ok(html)
}

2.3.2 解析 HTML 提取仓库信息

优化点：

1. CSS 选择器错误处理 ：用 map_err，直接显示选择器解析错误详情，便于调试；

1. 选择器稳定性提升 ：将描述选择器改为通用 p 标签、星标 / 分支选择器改为基于 href 后缀（如 a[href$='/stargazers']），避免因 GitHub 样式类名变更导致解析失败；

1. 缺失值容错 ：用 unwrap_or_else 给缺失的星标 / 分支 / 今日新增星标设置默认值 "0"，避免程序 panic；

1. 代码简化：合并作者名元素提取逻辑，减少重复代码。

fn parse_repos(html: &str) -> Result<Vec<GithubRepo>> {
    info!("Starting to parse repositories...");
    let document = Html::parse_document(html);

    // 定义 CSS 选择器（优化后：基于语义化属性，降低页面样式变更影响）
    // 1. 每个仓库的根节点选择器（GitHub 仓库列表统一用 article.Box-row 包裹）
    let repo_selector = Selector::parse("article.Box-row")
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse repo selector: {}", e))?;
    // 2. 作者 + 仓库名选择器（h2 下的 a 标签，包含仓库路径）
    let author_name_selector = Selector::parse("h2 a")
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse author-name selector: {}", e))?;
    // 3. 仓库描述选择器（通用 p 标签，避免依赖特定类名）
    let desc_selector = Selector::parse("p")
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse description selector: {}", e))?;
    // 4. 星标数选择器（基于 href 后缀 /stargazers，语义化更强）
    let stars_selector = Selector::parse("a[href$='/stargazers']")
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse stars selector: {}", e))?;
    // 5. 分支数选择器（基于 href 后缀 /forks，语义化更强）
    let forks_selector = Selector::parse("a[href$='/forks']")
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse forks selector: {}", e))?;
    // 6. 今日新增星标选择器（基于 data-menu-button-text 属性，稳定性更高）
    let today_stars_selector = Selector::parse("span[data-menu-button-text]")
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse today-stars selector: {}", e))?;

    let mut repos = Vec::new();

    // 遍历每个仓库节点，提取信息
    for repo_node in document.select(&repo_selector) {
        // 1. 提取作者和仓库名（格式："author/name"，从 a 标签文本中解析）
        let author_name_element = repo_node
            .select(&author_name_selector)
            .next()
            .context("Missing author/name element (GitHub page structure may have changed)")?;

        // 清理文本（去除空格和换行符）
        let author_name_text = author_name_element
            .text()
            .collect::<String>()
            .trim()
            .to_string();

        // 分割作者和仓库名（格式必须为 "author/name"，否则报错）
        let (author, name) = author_name_text
            .split_once('/')
            .context(format!("Invalid author/name format: '{}' (expected 'author/name')", author_name_text))?;
        let author = author.trim().to_string();
        let name = name.trim().to_string();

        // 2. 提取仓库完整链接（补全 GitHub 域名，a 标签的 href 属性为相对路径）
        let url = author_name_element
            .value()
            .attr("href")
            .context("Missing href attribute for repo link")?
            .to_string();
        let url = format!("https://github.com{}", url); // 拼接完整 URL

        // 3. 提取仓库描述（可选，无描述时为 None，避免强制 unwrap 导致 panic）
        let description = repo_node
            .select(&desc_selector)
            .next()
            .map(|elem| elem.text().collect::<String>().trim().to_string());

        // 4. 提取星标数（缺失时默认值为 "0"，容错性优化）
        let stars = repo_node
            .select(&stars_selector)
            .next()
            .map(|elem| elem.text().collect::<String>().trim().to_string())
            .unwrap_or_else(|| "0".to_string());

        // 5. 提取分支数（缺失时默认值为 "0"，容错性优化）
        let forks = repo_node
            .select(&forks_selector)
            .next()
            .map(|elem| elem.text().collect::<String>().trim().to_string())
            .unwrap_or_else(|| "0".to_string());

        // 6. 提取今日新增星标（缺失时默认值为 "0"，容错性优化）
        let today_stars = repo_node
            .select(&today_stars_selector)
            .next()
            .map(|elem| elem.text().collect::<String>().trim().to_string())
            .unwrap_or_else(|| "0".to_string());

        // 构建仓库对象并添加到列表
        repos.push(GithubRepo {
            author,
            name,
            description,
            stars,
            forks,
            today_stars,
            url,
        });
    }

    info!("Successfully parsed {} repositories", repos.len());
    Ok(repos)
}

2.3.3 保存结果到 JSON 文件

将解析后的仓库列表序列化为格式化的 JSON（pretty 模式），便于阅读和后续处理：

fn save_repos_to_json(repos: &[GithubRepo], path: &str) -> Result<()> {
    info!("Saving repositories to JSON file: {}", path);
    // 创建文件（若已存在会覆盖）
    let file = File::create(Path::new(path))
        .context(format!("Failed to create file: {} (check directory permissions)", path))?;

    // 序列化并写入文件（pretty 模式：缩进格式化，可读性强）
    serde_json::to_writer_pretty(file, repos)
        .context("Failed to serialize repos to JSON (invalid data format)")?;

    info!("Successfully saved {} repos to {}", repos.len(), path);
    Ok(())
}

2.4 主函数

使用 tokio 异步运行时，按 "请求页面 → 解析信息 → 保存结果" 的流程执行，同时保留详细日志：

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<()> {
    // 初始化日志（程序启动时执行）
    init_logger();
    info!("Starting GitHub Trending Rust Crawler...");

    // 创建 HTTP 客户端（设置超时，避免网络问题导致程序卡死）
    let client = Client::builder()
        .connect_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(10)) // 连接超时：10 秒
        .timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(15)) // 响应超时：15 秒
        .build()
        .context("Failed to create HTTP client (check network or dependencies)")?;

    // 1. 爬取 GitHub Trending 页面 HTML
    let html = fetch_trending_page(&client).await?;

    // 2. 解析 HTML，提取仓库信息
    let repos = parse_repos(&html)?;

    // 3. 将结果保存到 JSON 文件（项目根目录下的 trending_repos.json）
    save_repos_to_json(&repos, "trending_repos.json")?;

    info!("Crawler finished successfully! Check 'trending_repos.json' for results.");
    Ok(())
}

步骤 3：运行项目并验证结果

3.1 运行爬虫

# 直接运行（默认输出 info 级别日志）
cargo run

# （可选）输出 debug 级别日志（查看更详细的执行过程，便于调试）
RUST_LOG=debug cargo run

3.2 验证结果

运行成功后，项目根目录会生成 trending_repos.json 文件，优化后的结果示例（容错性提升，无缺失值）：

[
  {
    "author": "YaLTeR",
    "name": "niri",
    "description": "A scrollable-tiling Wayland compositor.",
    "stars": "14,823",
    "forks": "523",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri"
  },
  {
    "author": "librespot-org",
    "name": "librespot",
    "description": "Open Source Spotify client library",
    "stars": "6,131",
    "forks": "773",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/librespot-org/librespot"
  },
  {
    "author": "zensical",
    "name": "zensical",
    "description": "A modern static site generator by the creators of Material for MkDocs",
    "stars": "859",
    "forks": "12",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/zensical/zensical"
  },
  {
    "author": "atuinsh",
    "name": "atuin",
    "description": "✨ Magical shell history",
    "stars": "26,951",
    "forks": "730",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/atuinsh/atuin"
  },
  {
    "author": "openai",
    "name": "codex",
    "description": "Lightweight coding agent that runs in your terminal",
    "stars": "50,236",
    "forks": "6,238",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/openai/codex"
  },
  {
    "author": "bevyengine",
    "name": "bevy",
    "description": "A refreshingly simple data-driven game engine built in Rust",
    "stars": "43,023",
    "forks": "4,224",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy"
  },
  {
    "author": "topjohnwu",
    "name": "Magisk",
    "description": "The Magic Mask for Android",
    "stars": "56,884",
    "forks": "15,868",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/topjohnwu/Magisk"
  },
  {
    "author": "uutils",
    "name": "coreutils",
    "description": "Cross-platform Rust rewrite of the GNU coreutils",
    "stars": "22,144",
    "forks": "1,637",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/uutils/coreutils"
  },
  {
    "author": "regolith-labs",
    "name": "ore",
    "description": "It's time to mine.",
    "stars": "741",
    "forks": "262",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/regolith-labs/ore"
  },
  {
    "author": "commonwarexyz",
    "name": "monorepo",
    "description": "Commonware Library Primitives and Examples",
    "stars": "369",
    "forks": "131",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/commonwarexyz/monorepo"
  },
  {
    "author": "rust-lang",
    "name": "rust-analyzer",
    "description": "A Rust compiler front-end for IDEs",
    "stars": "15,670",
    "forks": "1,864",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-analyzer"
  },
  {
    "author": "chroma-core",
    "name": "chroma",
    "description": "Open-source search and retrieval database for AI applications.",
    "stars": "24,344",
    "forks": "1,912",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/chroma-core/chroma"
  },
  {
    "author": "getzola",
    "name": "zola",
    "description": "A fast static site generator in a single binary with everything built-in. https://www.getzola.org",
    "stars": "16,120",
    "forks": "1,094",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/getzola/zola"
  },
  {
    "author": "longbridge",
    "name": "gpui-component",
    "description": "Rust GUI components for building fantastic cross-platform desktop application by using GPUI.",
    "stars": "7,532",
    "forks": "297",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/longbridge/gpui-component"
  },
  {
    "author": "fish-shell",
    "name": "fish-shell",
    "description": "The user-friendly command line shell.",
    "stars": "31,470",
    "forks": "2,159",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell"
  },
  {
    "author": "Spotifyd",
    "name": "spotifyd",
    "description": "A spotify daemon",
    "stars": "10,404",
    "forks": "487",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/Spotifyd/spotifyd"
  },
  {
    "author": "tree-sitter",
    "name": "tree-sitter",
    "description": "An incremental parsing system for programming tools",
    "stars": "22,666",
    "forks": "2,198",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/tree-sitter/tree-sitter"
  },
  {
    "author": "UwUDev",
    "name": "ygege",
    "description": "High-performance indexer for YGG Torrent written in Rust",
    "stars": "78",
    "forks": "9",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/UwUDev/ygege"
  },
  {
    "author": "ankitects",
    "name": "anki",
    "description": "Anki is a smart spaced repetition flashcard program",
    "stars": "24,634",
    "forks": "2,583",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/ankitects/anki"
  },
  {
    "author": "get-convex",
    "name": "convex-backend",
    "description": "The open-source reactive database for app developers",
    "stars": "8,066",
    "forks": "452",
    "today_stars": "0",
    "url": "https://github.com/get-convex/convex-backend"
  }
]

项目总结

本项目是基于 Rust 开发的 GitHub Trending 热门 Rust 仓库爬虫，通过 reqwest 实现异步 HTTP 请求、scraper 解析 HTML 页面、serde 系列库完成 JSON 序列化，搭配 tokio 异步运行时和 anyhow 错误处理库，构建了高效且健壮的爬取流程。相较于初始版本，优化后的代码在 CSS 选择器上采用语义化属性（如基于 href 后缀、数据属性），降低了 GitHub 页面样式变更带来的维护成本；在错误处理上，通过 map_err 明确选择器解析错误、unwrap_or_else 处理信息缺失场景，大幅提升了程序容错性；同时保留详细日志输出，便于调试和问题定位。项目最终能稳定爬取每日热门 Rust 仓库的作者、名称、描述、星标数等关键信息，并以格式化 JSON 文件存储结果。

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