Django 学习指南

📚 详细学习路线

阶段1：基础准备

1.1 Python 基础

必备知识：

Python 语法基础
面向对象编程（类、继承、多态）
函数和模块
异常处理
虚拟环境使用

学习资源：

《Python Crash Course》
Python 官方教程

1.2 Web 基础

HTTP 协议基础
HTML/CSS/JavaScript 基础
数据库基础（SQL）

阶段2：Django 核心概念

2.1 Django 入门

bash 复制代码

# 环境设置
python -m venv myenv
source myenv/bin/activate  # Linux/Mac
# 或 myenv\Scripts\activate  # Windows

pip install django
django-admin startproject myproject
cd myproject
python manage.py startapp myapp

2.2 项目结构理解

复制代码

myproject/
├── manage.py
├── myproject/
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── settings.py
│   ├── urls.py
│   └── wsgi.py
└── myapp/
    ├── migrations/
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── admin.py
    ├── apps.py
    ├── models.py
    ├── tests.py
    ├── views.py
    └── urls.py

2.3 核心组件深入学习

Models（模型）

python 复制代码

# myapp/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User

class Category(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Post(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    content = models.TextField()
    category = models.ForeignKey(Category, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    author = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    is_published = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
    
    class Meta:
        ordering = ['-created_at']
    
    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

Views（视图）

python 复制代码

# myapp/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
from django.views.generic import ListView, DetailView, CreateView
from .models import Post
from .forms import PostForm

# 函数视图
def post_list(request):
    posts = Post.objects.filter(is_published=True)
    return render(request, 'blog/post_list.html', {'posts': posts})

# 类视图
class PostListView(ListView):
    model = Post
    template_name = 'blog/post_list.html'
    context_object_name = 'posts'
    paginate_by = 10
    
    def get_queryset(self):
        return Post.objects.filter(is_published=True)

class PostDetailView(DetailView):
    model = Post
    template_name = 'blog/post_detail.html'

class PostCreateView(CreateView):
    model = Post
    form_class = PostForm
    template_name = 'blog/post_form.html'
    success_url = '/posts/'

URLs（路由）

python 复制代码

# myproject/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('blog/', include('myapp.urls')),
]

# myapp/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.PostListView.as_view(), name='post_list'),
    path('post/<int:pk>/', views.PostDetailView.as_view(), name='post_detail'),
    path('post/new/', views.PostCreateView.as_view(), name='post_create'),
]

Templates（模板）

html 复制代码

<!-- templates/base.html -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>{% block title %}My Blog{% endblock %}</title>
</head>
<body>
    <nav>
        <a href="{% url 'post_list' %}">Home</a>
    </nav>
    <main>
        {% block content %}
        {% endblock %}
    </main>
</body>
</html>