一、Windows系统下安装
1.下载安装包
选择14.12版本，点击下载：
2.安装PostgrSQL14.12
双击exe安装包程序，准备安装：
选择安装路径：
选择想安装的工具：
选择数据存储路径：
设置超管密钥：
设置端口，一般是5432：
Locale建议使用C的本地化规则：
确认配置信息：
开始执行安装：
3.调整PostgreSQL配置
3.1pg_hba.conf 客户端身份验证规则配置
在pg_hba.conf文件中添加以下配置：
# postgres for localhost:
local all postgres scram-sha-256
host all postgres 127.0.0.1/32 scram-sha-256
host all postgres 0.0.0.0/0 reject
# remote connections:
host all all 0.0.0.0/0 scram-sha-2563.2postgresql.conf 服务参数配置
在postgresql.conf中主要调整以下配置：
listen_addresses = '*' # 监听地址
port = 5432 # 端?号
max_connections = 1000 # 最?连接数
superuser_reserved_connections = 10 # 预留给超管?户的连接数
password_encryption = scram-sha-256 # 密码加密?式
shared_buffers = 1024MB # 允许使?的内存，通常设置为物理内存的25%
timezone = 'Asia/Shanghai' # 时区，根据实际项?地理位置修改
log_timezone = 'Asia/Shanghai' # ?志时区，根据实际项?地理位置修改4.重启PostgreSQL服务
二、Linux系统下安装（以CentOS7为例）
1.安装依赖环境
yum install -y perl-devel perl-ExtUtils-Embed systemd-devel readline-devel uuid-devel zlib-devel clang-devel llvm-devel perlExtUtils-Embed tcl-devel libicu-devel libxml2-devel libxslt-devel python-devel python3-devel gcc gcc-c++ llvm3.9-devel openssl-devel lz4-devel pam-devel openldap-devel cmake bison flex 2.规划存储路径
mkdir /opt/pgsql/source -p # pgsql源码包存放路径
mkdir /opt/pgsql/extensions -p # pgsql插件存放路径
mkdir -p /mnt/data/pgsql/pgsql5432 # pgsql数据?录
mkdir -p /mnt/data/pgsql/backup/{backup-db,backup-tmp} # pgsql备份?录3.PG环境配置
3.1创建用户和用户组、主目录
useradd -d /home/postgres -s /bin/bash -U -m postgres3.2配置用户环境变量
cat >> /home/postgres/.bash_profile << EOF
# PostgreSQL
export PGHOME=/usr/local/pgsql
export PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PGHOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export PGDATA=/mnt/data/pgsql/pgsql5432
export PGHOST=/tmp
export PGPORT=5432
EOF3.3授权相关目录
chmod 700 /mnt/data/pgsql/pgsql5432
chmod -R 700 /mnt/data/pgsql/backup
chown postgres:postgres -R /opt/pgsql /mnt/data/pgsql4.下载二进制安装包
wget -P /opt/pgsql/source https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v14.8/postgresql-14.8.tar.gz --no-check-certificate5.包完整性校验
md5sum postgresql-14.8.tar.gz
# MD5校验值：05a8078ee17d4f00779138767b802065
sha256sum postgresql-14.8.tar.gz
# SHA256校验值：a3c32ff8168832d9637eb870f6e98f98506797fe5942555d70cd77558949a844操作如下图所示：
6.解压与编译安装
tar xf postgresql-14.8.tar.gz #解压
cd postgresql-14.8 #进到主目录下
#下面进行编译与安装
./configure --with-systemd --with-uuid=ossp --with-perl --with-python --with-tcl --with-icu --with-openssl --with-libxml --with-libxslt --with-lz4 --prefix=/opt/pgsql/pgsql-14.8
make -j 4 world && make -j 4 install-world
ln -s /opt/pgsql/pgsql-14.8 /usr/local/pgsql //创建软链接
7.安装检查与验证
su - postgres #进到postgres用户下
cd /opt/pgsql/source/postgresql-14.8/ #进入pg主目录
make check # 安装成功后，测试?下编译的功能是否正常，全部正常会在末尾输出ALL tests passed
8.初始化数据库
建议：字符编码使UTF8，本地化使C，认证式使scram-sha-256
initdb -E UTF8 --locale=C -U postgres -W -A scram-sha-256 --data-checksums
9.初始化配置文件
cd /mnt/data/pgsql/pgsql5432/
mv postgresql.conf postgresql.conf.bak
mv pg_hba.conf pg_hba.conf.bak
touch postgresql.conf pg_hba.conf创建两个同名文件，配置如下：
pg_hba.conf：
# TYPE DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD
# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
local all all scram-sha-256
# IPv4 local connections:
host all all 127.0.0.1/32 scram-sha-256
# IPv6 local connections:
host all all ::1/128 scram-sha-256
# replication connections:
local replication all scram-sha-256
host replication all 127.0.0.1/32 scram-sha-256
host replication all ::1/128 scram-sha-256
# postgres for localhost:
local all postgres scram-sha-256
host all postgres 127.0.0.1/32 scram-sha-256
host all postgres 0.0.0.0/0 reject
# remote connections:
host all all 0.0.0.0/0 scram-sha-256postgresql.conf：
listen_addresses = '*'
port = 5432
max_connections = 1000
superuser_reserved_connections = 10
unix_socket_directories = '/tmp'
tcp_keepalives_idle = 180
tcp_keepalives_interval = 10
tcp_keepalives_count = 3
password_encryption = scram-sha-256
shared_buffers = 1024MB
temp_buffers = 8MB
max_prepared_transactions = 50
work_mem = 4MB
maintenance_work_mem = 64MB
dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix
max_worker_processes = 8
wal_level = logical
fsync = on
synchronous_commit = remote_write
wal_sync_method = fsync
full_page_writes = on
max_wal_size = 5GB
min_wal_size = 80MB
max_wal_senders = 30
max_replication_slots = 10
hot_standby = on //允许只读
max_logical_replication_workers = 4
log_destination = 'stderr' //表示 PostgreSQL 将日志信息输出到标准错误输出流
logging_collector = on
log_directory = 'pg_log'
log_filename = 'postgresql-%a.log'
log_file_mode = 0600
log_rotation_age = 1d
log_truncate_on_rotation = on
log_checkpoints = on
log_timezone = 'Asia/Shanghai'
autovacuum = on //自动回收
idle_session_timeout = 1200000
datestyle = 'iso, mdy'
timezone = 'Asia/Shanghai'
lc_messages = 'C'
lc_monetary = 'C'
lc_numeric = 'C'
lc_time = 'C'
default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english'10.配置systemd服务托管
cat > /usr/lib/systemd/system/pgsql.service << EOF
[Unit]
Description=PostgreSQL database server 14
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
Type=forking
User=postgres
Group=postgres
Environment=PGPORT=5432
Environment=PGDATA=/mnt/data/pgsql/pgsql5432
ExecStart=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl start -D ${PGDATA} -s -w -t 300
ExecStop=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl stop -D ${PGDATA} -s -m fast
ExecReload=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl reload -D ${PGDATA} -s
TimeoutSec=300
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=3
OOMScoreAdjust=-1000
LimitNOFILE=65535
LimitNPROC=65535
EOF11.启动pgsql.service
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable pgsql
systemctl start pgsql
systemctl status pgsql12.连接postgresql数据库测试
su - postgres #进入postgres用户下
psql -h 127.0.0.1 -p 5432 postgres #连接数据库这里执行 pqsql 和 psql -h 127.0.0.1 -p 5432 postgres 命令是同样的效果
如果想修改postgres用户的密码，可以使用以下语句进行修改：
postgres=# alter user postgres with password '123';
ALTER ROLE
postgres=# quit