类(Class):定义了一类事物的共同属性(比如人的姓名、年龄)和行为(比如走路、说话)
对象 / 实例(Object/Instance):类的具体存在,比如 "张三" 是 "人" 这个类的一个实例
属性(Attribute) :类 / 对象的特征(变量),比如name、age
方法(Method) :类 / 对象的行为(函数),比如walk()、speak()
构造方法 :__init__,创建对象时自动执行,用于初始化属性。

python
import math
class Circle:
def __init__(self,radius):
self.radius = radius
def calculate_area(self,radius):
area = math.pi * (radius **2)
print(f"半径为{radius}的圆的面积:{area:.2f}")
def calculate_circumference(self,radius):
circumference = 2 * math.pi * radius
print(f"半径为{radius}的圆的周长:{circumference:.2f}")
circle = Circle(5)
print(f"圆的半径:{circle.radius}")
circle.calculate_area(circle.radius)
circle.calculate_circumference(circle.radius)

python
class Rectangle:
def __init__(self,length,width):
self.length = length
self.width = width
def calculate_area(self,length,width):
area = length * width
print(f"长为{length},宽为{width}的矩形的面积:{area}")
def calculate_perimeter(self,length,width):
perimeter = 2 * (length + width)
print(f"长为{length},宽为{width}的矩形的周长:{perimeter}")
def is_square(self,length,width):
if length == width:
return True
else:
return False
rectangle = Rectangle(4,6)
print(f"矩形的长:{rectangle.length},宽:{rectangle.width}")
rectangle.calculate_area(rectangle.length,rectangle.width)
rectangle.calculate_perimeter(rectangle.length,rectangle.width)
Square = Rectangle(5,5)
print(f"是否为正方形:{Square.is_square(Square.length,Square.width)}")

python
def create_shape(shape_type, *args):
if shape_type == "circle":
return Circle(*args)
elif shape_type == "rectangle":
return Rectangle(*args)
else:
raise ValueError("Unknown shape type")
shape1 = create_shape("circle", 5)
print(shape1.calculate_circumference(5))
shape2 = create_shape("rectangle", 3, 4)
print(shape2.is_square(3,4))