React Router TypeScript 路由详解：嵌套路由与导航钩子进阶指南

[seven]2025-12-18 20:56

🚀 React Router TypeScript 路由详解：嵌套路由与导航钩子进阶指南

🔥 文章简介：本文是React Router TypeScript系列的进阶篇，深入探讨嵌套路由的复杂架构设计和导航钩子的强大功能。通过90+个实战代码示例和3个企业级案例，助您掌握构建大型React应用的核心路由技术。

📊 文章概览

📖 项目 📝 详情
⏱️ 阅读时长 30分钟
⭐ 难度等级 ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 中高级
📚 前置知识 React基础、TypeScript、React Router基础
🛠️ 技术栈 React 18+、React Router v6、TypeScript 5+
💎 核心价值 企业级路由架构、权限控制、用户体验优化
💻 代码示例 90+ 个完整示例
🏢 企业应用 电商平台、管理后台、多租户系统
🎯 实战强度 ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 高度实战

🎯 学习收益

✅ 掌握嵌套路由设计模式 - 从基础配置到高级架构

✅ 精通导航钩子权限控制 - 企业级安全与权限管理

✅ 构建可扩展的路由架构 - 模块化、可维护的路由系统

✅ 实现复杂的业务场景 - 多租户、动态路由、条件渲染

✅ 提升用户体验和安全性 - 加载优化、错误处理、数据预加载

📋 目录导航

  1. [🏗️ 嵌套路由深度解析](#🏗️ 嵌套路由深度解析)
    • 基础概念与Outlet机制
    • 类型安全的路由定义
    • 动态嵌套路由配置
    • 条件路由与权限控制
    • 路由组合与复用模式
  2. [🔒 导航钩子完全指南](#🔒 导航钩子完全指南)
    • 基础导航钩子使用
    • 自定义导航钩子开发
    • 权限控制与路由守卫
    • 数据预加载策略
    • 页面离开确认机制
    • 导航进度与加载状态
    • 高级导航模式
  3. [🏢 企业级实战案例](#🏢 企业级实战案例)
    • 电商平台路由架构
    • 管理后台权限系统
    • 多租户系统设计
  4. [🎯 最佳实践与总结](#🎯 最佳实践与总结)
    • 性能优化策略
    • 错误处理与监控
    • 架构设计建议

🏗️ 嵌套路由深度解析

💡 核心概念 ：嵌套路由是React Router的精髓特性，通过Outlet组件实现父子路由的层次化渲染，为复杂应用提供清晰的路由结构和优秀的用户体验。

1.1 嵌套路由基础概念

嵌套路由是React Router的核心特性之一，它允许我们在父组件中渲染子路由，形成层次化的路由结构。这种设计模式特别适合构建具有层次化布局的应用，如管理后台、电商平台等。

typescript 复制代码 
// 基础嵌套路由示例
import { Routes, Route, Outlet } from 'react-router-dom';

function App() {
  return (
    <Routes>
      <Route path="/" element={<Layout />}>
        <Route index element={<Home />} />
        <Route path="products" element={<Products />}>
          <Route path=":id" element={<ProductDetail />} />
        </Route>
        <Route path="users" element={<Users />}>
          <Route path=":userId" element={<UserProfile />} />
          <Route path=":userId/settings" element={<UserSettings />} />
        </Route>
      </Route>
    </Routes>
  );
}

// Layout组件中使用Outlet渲染子路由
function Layout() {
  return (
    <div>
      <header>导航栏</header>
      <main>
        <Outlet /> {/* 子路由将在此处渲染 */}
      </main>
      <footer>页脚</footer>
    </div>
  );
}

1.2 类型安全的嵌套路由定义

🛡️ 类型安全：通过TypeScript的强类型系统，我们可以在编译时捕获路由配置错误，提供智能代码补全和重构支持，大幅提升开发体验和代码质量。

typescript 复制代码 
// 定义完整的路由类型接口
interface RouteConfig {
  path: string;
  element: React.ComponentType;
  children?: RouteConfig[];
  index?: boolean;
  loader?: () => Promise<any>;
  action?: (data: any) => Promise<any>;
  // 扩展属性，增强类型安全
  meta?: {
    title?: string;
    description?: string;
    requiresAuth?: boolean;
    permissions?: string[];
  };
  errorElement?: React.ComponentType;
  lazy?: boolean;
}

// 类型化的路由配置
const routes: RouteConfig[] = [
  {
    path: '/',
    element: Layout,
    children: [
      {
        index: true,
        element: Home
      },
      {
        path: 'dashboard',
        element: Dashboard,
        children: [
          {
            index: true,
            element: DashboardOverview
          },
          {
            path: 'analytics',
            element: Analytics
          },
          {
            path: 'reports',
            element: Reports,
            children: [
              {
                index: true,
                element: ReportsList
              },
              {
                path: ':reportId',
                element: ReportDetail
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
];

// 渲染路由的通用函数
function renderRoutes(routes: RouteConfig[]) {
  return routes.map((route, index) => {
    const Component = route.element;
    return (
      <Route
        key={index}
        path={route.path}
        index={route.index}
        element={<Component />}
        loader={route.loader}
        action={route.action}
      >
        {route.children && renderRoutes(route.children)}
      </Route>
    );
  });
}

1.3 动态嵌套路由配置

⚡ 动态路由：企业级应用通常需要根据用户权限、配置信息或业务需求动态生成路由结构。这种方式提供了极致的灵活性和可维护性。

typescript 复制代码 
// 动态路由配置接口 - 支持企业级复杂场景
interface DynamicRoute {
  id: string;
  path: string;
  component: string;
  title: string;
  icon?: string;
  permissions?: string[];
  children?: DynamicRoute[];
  meta?: {
    requiresAuth?: boolean;
    layout?: string;
    keepAlive?: boolean;
    hidden?: boolean;           // 在菜单中隐藏
    sort?: number;             // 排序权重
    cacheable?: boolean;       // 是否缓存
    affix?: boolean;           // 固定标签
  };
  // 高级配置
  redirects?: string[];        // 重定向规则
  beforeEnter?: string[];      // 进入前的钩子
  afterLeave?: string[];       // 离开后的钩子
}

// 动态路由配置数据
const dynamicRoutes: DynamicRoute[] = [
  {
    id: '1',
    path: '/admin',
    component: 'AdminLayout',
    title: '管理后台',
    permissions: ['admin'],
    children: [
      {
        id: '1-1',
        path: 'users',
        component: 'UserManagement',
        title: '用户管理',
        permissions: ['user:read']
      },
      {
        id: '1-2',
        path: 'settings',
        component: 'SystemSettings',
        title: '系统设置',
        permissions: ['system:config']
      }
    ]
  }
];

// 动态路由渲染Hook
function useDynamicRoutes() {
  const [routes, setRoutes] = useState<RouteConfig[]>([]);
  const { hasPermission } = useAuth();

  useEffect(() => {
    const buildRoutes = (config: DynamicRoute[]): RouteConfig[] => {
      return config
        .filter(route => !route.permissions?.some(p => !hasPermission(p)))
        .map(route => ({
          path: route.path,
          element: lazyLoad(route.component),
          children: route.children ? buildRoutes(route.children) : undefined
        }));
    };

    setRoutes(buildRoutes(dynamicRoutes));
  }, [hasPermission]);

  return routes;
}

// 懒加载组件
function lazyLoad(componentName: string) {
  return React.lazy(() => 
    import(`../components/${componentName}`).catch(() => ({
      default: () => <div>组件加载失败</div>
    }))
  );
}

1.4 条件嵌套路由

🎭 条件渲染：根据用户状态、权限等级或其他业务条件动态控制路由的可用性，实现个性化用户体验和精细化权限控制。

typescript 复制代码 
// 条件路由组件 - 支持复杂条件逻辑
interface ConditionalRouteProps {
  condition: boolean | (() => boolean);
  children: React.ReactNode;
  fallback?: React.ReactNode;
  redirectTo?: string;
  loadingComponent?: React.ComponentType;
  onConditionChange?: (result: boolean) => void;
}

// 高级条件类型
type RouteCondition = 
  | boolean
  | (() => boolean)
  | Promise<boolean>
  | {
      check: () => boolean | Promise<boolean>;
      fallback?: React.ReactNode;
      loadingComponent?: React.ComponentType;
    };

function ConditionalRoute({ condition, children, fallback }: ConditionalRouteProps) {
  if (condition) {
    return <>{children}</>;
  }
  return fallback ? <>{fallback}</> : <Navigate to="/404" replace />;
}

// 使用条件路由
function UserRoutes() {
  const { user, isAdmin, isPremium } = useAuth();

  return (
    <Routes>
      <Route path="profile" element={<UserProfile />} />
      
      {/* 管理员专属路由 */}
      <Route 
        path="admin" 
        element={
          <ConditionalRoute condition={isAdmin}>
            <AdminPanel />
          </ConditionalRoute>
        }
      />
      
      {/* 高级用户路由 */}
      <Route 
        path="premium" 
        element={
          <ConditionalRoute 
            condition={isPremium}
            fallback={<UpgradePrompt />}
          >
            <PremiumFeatures />
          </ConditionalRoute>
        }
      />
      
      {/* 用户状态相关路由 */}
      {user ? (
        <Route path="dashboard" element={<UserDashboard />} />
      ) : (
        <Route path="dashboard" element={<Navigate to="/login" replace />} />
      )}
    </Routes>
  );
}

1.5 路由组合与复用

🔧 组合模式：通过路由组合模式，我们可以创建可复用的路由模块，实现路由逻辑的组件化和模块化，大幅提升代码的可维护性和复用性。

typescript 复制代码 
// 可复用的路由组合 - 支持中间件模式
interface RouteGroup {
  layout: React.ComponentType;
  routes: RouteConfig[];
  middleware?: Array<React.ComponentType<{ children: React.ReactNode }>>;
  // 组合配置
  name?: string;                    // 组合名称
  priority?: number;               // 优先级
  dependencies?: string[];         // 依赖关系
  hooks?: {                       // 生命周期钩子
    beforeLoad?: () => void;
    afterLoad?: () => void;
    onError?: (error: Error) => void;
  };
}

// 路由组合工厂
function createRouteGroup(group: RouteGroup): RouteConfig {
  const { layout: Layout, routes, middleware = [] } = group;
  
  return {
    path: '',
    element: (
      <RouteProvider>
        {middleware.reduceRight(
          (children, Middleware) => (
            <Middleware>{children}</Middleware>
          ),
          <Layout><Outlet /></Layout>
        )}
      </RouteProvider>
    ),
    children: routes
  };
}

// 路由提供者
function RouteProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <ErrorBoundary>
      <Suspense fallback={<PageLoading />>
        {children}
      </Suspense>
    </ErrorBoundary>
  );
}

// 使用示例
const authGroup: RouteGroup = {
  layout: AuthLayout,
  middleware: [AuthGuard, AnalyticsTracker],
  routes: [
    { path: 'login', element: Login },
    { path: 'register', element: Register },
    { path: 'forgot-password', element: ForgotPassword }
  ]
};

const dashboardGroup: RouteGroup = {
  layout: DashboardLayout,
  middleware: [AuthGuard, PermissionGuard],
  routes: [
    { path: '', element: DashboardHome },
    { path: 'analytics', element: Analytics },
    { path: 'reports', element: Reports }
  ]
};

function App() {
  return (
    <Router>
      <Routes>
        <Route path="/auth/*" element={createRouteGroup(authGroup).element}>
          {authGroup.routes.map((route, index) => (
            <Route key={index} path={route.path} element={<route.element />} />
          ))}
        </Route>
        
        <Route path="/dashboard/*" element={createRouteGroup(dashboardGroup).element}>
          {dashboardGroup.routes.map((route, index) => (
            <Route key={index} path={route.path} element={<route.element />} />
          ))}
        </Route>
      </Routes>
    </Router>
  );
}

🔒 导航钩子完全指南

⚡ 核心能力：导航钩子是React Router的强大功能集，让我们能够在路由导航的各个阶段插入自定义逻辑，实现权限验证、数据预加载、进度管理、用户确认等高级功能。

2.1 导航钩子基础

导航钩子（Navigation Hooks）是React Router提供的强大功能，允许我们在路由导航过程中执行自定义逻辑，如权限验证、数据预加载、进度显示等。这些钩子为现代Web应用提供了精细化控制和优秀的用户体验。

typescript 复制代码 
// 基础导航钩子示例
import { useNavigate, useLocation, useSearchParams } from 'react-router-dom';

function NavigationComponent() {
  const navigate = useNavigate();
  const location = useLocation();
  const [searchParams, setSearchParams] = useSearchParams();

  // 程序化导航
  const handleNavigation = () => {
    // 基础导航
    navigate('/dashboard');
    
    // 带状态导航
    navigate('/profile', { state: { from: 'navigation' } });
    
    // 替换当前历史记录
    navigate('/home', { replace: true });
    
    // 相对导航
    navigate('../sibling');
    navigate('./child');
    
    // 带查询参数
    setSearchParams({ tab: 'settings', section: 'profile' });
  };

  return (
    <div>
      <p>当前路径: {location.pathname}</p>
      <p>当前搜索参数: {searchParams.toString()}</p>
      <button onClick={handleNavigation}>导航</button>
    </div>
  );
}

2.2 自定义导航钩子

🎨 自定义扩展：基于React Router的基础钩子，我们可以构建符合业务需求的自定义导航钩子，提供更强大、更类型安全的导航能力。

typescript 复制代码 
// 增强的类型化导航选项
interface NavigationOptions {
  replace?: boolean;
  state?: Record<string, any>;
  preventDefault?: boolean;
  // 扩展选项
  animated?: boolean;              // 是否启用动画
  confirm?: boolean | string;     // 是否需要确认
  block?: boolean;                 // 是否阻止导航
  preload?: boolean;               // 是否预加载资源
  analytics?: boolean;             // 是否记录分析数据
  timeout?: number;                // 导航超时时间
  middleware?: NavigationMiddleware[]; // 导航中间件
}

// 导航中间件接口
interface NavigationMiddleware {
  name: string;
  execute: (context: NavigationContext) => Promise<NavigationResult>;
  priority?: number;
}

// 导航上下文
interface NavigationContext {
  from: string;
  to: string;
  options: NavigationOptions;
  timestamp: number;
  user?: User;
}

interface UseNavigationReturn {
  navigate: (to: string | number, options?: NavigationOptions) => void;
  goBack: () => void;
  goForward: () => void;
  canGoBack: boolean;
  canGoForward: boolean;
  currentPath: string;
  navigationHistory: string[];
}

function useNavigation(): UseNavigationReturn {
  const navigate = useNavigate();
  const location = useLocation();
  const [history, setHistory] = useState<string[]>([location.pathname]);

  const safeNavigate = useCallback((to: string | number, options?: NavigationOptions) => {
    if (typeof to === 'number') {
      navigate(to);
      return;
    }

    const targetPath = typeof to === 'string' ? to : to.toString();
    
    if (options?.preventDefault) {
      return;
    }

    navigate(targetPath, {
      replace: options?.replace || false,
      state: options?.state
    });

    setHistory(prev => [...prev, targetPath]);
  }, [navigate]);

  const goBack = useCallback(() => {
    if (history.length > 1) {
      navigate(-1);
      setHistory(prev => prev.slice(0, -1));
    }
  }, [history.length, navigate]);

  const goForward = useCallback(() => {
    navigate(1);
  }, [navigate]);

  return {
    navigate: safeNavigate,
    goBack,
    goForward,
    canGoBack: history.length > 1,
    canGoForward: false, // React Router不提供forward history info
    currentPath: location.pathname,
    navigationHistory: history
  };
}

// 带确认的导航钩子
function useConfirmNavigation() {
  const navigate = useNavigate();
  const [pendingNavigation, setPendingNavigation] = useState<string | null>(null);

  const confirmNavigation = useCallback((to: string) => {
    setPendingNavigation(to);
  }, []);

  const executeNavigation = useCallback(() => {
    if (pendingNavigation) {
      navigate(pendingNavigation);
      setPendingNavigation(null);
    }
  }, [pendingNavigation, navigate]);

  const cancelNavigation = useCallback(() => {
    setPendingNavigation(null);
  }, []);

  return {
    confirmNavigation,
    executeNavigation,
    cancelNavigation,
    pendingNavigation
  };
}

2.3 权限控制钩子

🛡️ 安全第一：企业级应用必须具备完善的权限控制系统。通过精心设计的权限钩子和路由守卫，我们可以实现细粒度的访问控制和安全管理。

typescript 复制代码 
// 增强的权限验证接口
interface Permission {
  resource: string;
  action: string;
  conditions?: Record<string, any>;
  // 扩展权限属性
  scope?: string[];               // 权限范围
  expires?: number;               // 过期时间
  source?: string;                // 权限来源
  inherit?: boolean;              // 是否可继承
  // 动态权限检查
  validator?: (context: PermissionContext) => boolean | Promise<boolean>;
}

// 权限上下文
interface PermissionContext {
  user: User;
  resource: string;
  action: string;
  environment: {
    time: number;
    location: string;
    device: string;
  };
}

// 角色定义
interface Role {
  id: string;
  name: string;
  permissions: string[];
  inherits?: string[];            // 继承的角色
  conditions?: RoleCondition[];    // 角色激活条件
}

interface RoleCondition {
  type: 'time' | 'location' | 'device' | 'custom';
  operator: 'eq' | 'ne' | 'gt' | 'lt' | 'in' | 'not_in';
  value: any;
  validator?: (value: any) => boolean;
}

interface AuthState {
  isAuthenticated: boolean;
  user: User | null;
  permissions: string[];
  roles: string[];
}

// 权限验证钩子
function usePermission() {
  const { user, permissions, roles } = useAuth();

  const hasPermission = useCallback((permission: string): boolean => {
    return permissions.includes(permission) || roles.includes('admin');
  }, [permissions, roles]);

  const hasAnyPermission = useCallback((perms: string[]): boolean => {
    return perms.some(perm => hasPermission(perm));
  }, [hasPermission]);

  const hasAllPermissions = useCallback((perms: string[]): boolean => {
    return perms.every(perm => hasPermission(perm));
  }, [hasPermission]);

  const canAccess = useCallback((permission: Permission): boolean => {
    if (!hasPermission(`${permission.resource}:${permission.action}`)) {
      return false;
    }

    // 检查条件权限
    if (permission.conditions) {
      return Object.entries(permission.conditions).every(([key, value]) => {
        return user?.[key as keyof User] === value;
      });
    }

    return true;
  }, [hasPermission, user]);

  return {
    hasPermission,
    hasAnyPermission,
    hasAllPermissions,
    canAccess
  };
}

// 路由守卫组件
interface RouteGuardProps {
  children: React.ReactNode;
  requiredPermissions?: string[];
  requiredRoles?: string[];
  fallback?: React.ReactNode;
  redirectTo?: string;
}

function RouteGuard({ 
  children, 
  requiredPermissions = [], 
  requiredRoles = [],
  fallback = <div>无权限访问</div>,
  redirectTo
}: RouteGuardProps) {
  const { isAuthenticated } = useAuth();
  const { hasPermission, hasAnyPermission } = usePermission();
  const navigate = useNavigate();

  useEffect(() => {
    if (!isAuthenticated) {
      navigate(redirectTo || '/login', { replace: true });
      return;
    }

    if (requiredPermissions.length > 0 && !hasAnyPermission(requiredPermissions)) {
      if (redirectTo) {
        navigate(redirectTo, { replace: true });
      }
      return;
    }
  }, [isAuthenticated, requiredPermissions, redirectTo, navigate, hasAnyPermission]);

  if (!isAuthenticated) {
    return null; // 重定向中
  }

  if (requiredPermissions.length > 0 && !hasAnyPermission(requiredPermissions)) {
    return fallback;
  }

  return <>{children}</>;
}

// 高阶路由守卫
function withRouteGuard<P extends object>(
  Component: React.ComponentType<P>,
  guardOptions: Omit<RouteGuardProps, 'children'>
) {
  return function GuardedComponent(props: P) {
    return (
      <RouteGuard {...guardOptions}>
        <Component {...props} />
      </RouteGuard>
    );
  };
}

2.4 数据预加载钩子

⚡ 性能优化：数据预加载是提升用户体验的关键技术。通过智能的数据预加载策略，我们可以显著减少页面加载时间，提供近乎瞬时的导航体验。

typescript 复制代码 
// 高级数据预加载配置
interface DataLoaderOptions {
  staleTime?: number;
  cacheTime?: number;
  retry?: number;
  retryDelay?: number;
  // 扩展配置
  strategy?: 'cache-first' | 'network-first' | 'cache-only' | 'network-only';
  backgroundRefresh?: boolean;     // 后台刷新
  prefetch?: boolean;              // 预取相关数据
  deduplication?: boolean;         // 请求去重
  compression?: boolean;            // 数据压缩
  encryption?: boolean;            // 数据加密
  // 智能缓存
  adaptiveCache?: {
    enabled: boolean;
    memoryLimit: number;
    ttl?: number;
    maxSize?: number;
  };
  // 错误处理
  fallbackOnError?: boolean;
  errorRetryStrategy?: 'exponential' | 'linear' | 'fixed';
}

// 数据预加载策略
interface PreloadStrategy {
  type: 'immediate' | 'idle' | 'visible' | 'hover' | 'custom';
  delay?: number;
  priority?: 'high' | 'normal' | 'low';
  conditions?: () => boolean;
}

interface UseDataLoaderReturn<T> {
  data: T | undefined;
  loading: boolean;
  error: Error | null;
  reload: () => void;
}

// 数据预加载钩子
function useDataLoader<T>(
  key: string,
  loader: () => Promise<T>,
  options: DataLoaderOptions = {}
): UseDataLoaderReturn<T> {
  const [data, setData] = useState<T>();
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
  const [error, setError] = useState<Error | null>(null);

  const loadData = useCallback(async () => {
    try {
      setLoading(true);
      setError(null);
      const result = await loader();
      setData(result);
    } catch (err) {
      setError(err instanceof Error ? err : new Error('Unknown error'));
    } finally {
      setLoading(false);
    }
  }, [loader]);

  useEffect(() => {
    loadData();
  }, [loadData]);

  return {
    data,
    loading,
    error,
    reload: loadData
  };
}

// 路由级别的数据加载器
function createDataLoader<T>(
  loader: () => Promise<T>,
  options: DataLoaderOptions = {}
) {
  return (): Promise<T> => {
    return loader();
  };
}

// 使用示例
function UserProfile() {
  const { userId } = useParams<{ userId: string }>();
  
  const { data: user, loading, error } = useDataLoader(
    `user-${userId}`,
    () => fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`).then(res => res.json()),
    { staleTime: 5 * 60 * 1000 } // 5分钟缓存
  );

  if (loading) return <UserSkeleton />;
  if (error) return <ErrorMessage error={error} />;
  if (!user) return <NotFound />;

  return <UserDetails user={user} />;
}

// 路由配置中的数据加载
const routes = [
  {
    path: '/users/:userId',
    element: <UserProfile />,
    loader: createDataLoader(({ params }) => 
      fetch(`/api/users/${params.userId}`).then(res => res.json())
    )
  }
];

2.5 页面离开确认

💾 数据保护：防止用户意外丢失未保存的数据是每个应用的基本责任。通过智能的页面离开确认机制，我们可以在用户体验和数据安全之间找到完美平衡。

typescript 复制代码 
// 增强的页面离开确认钩子
function useLeaveConfirmation(
  when: boolean | (() => boolean),
  options?: {
    message?: string;
    title?: string;
    confirmButtonText?: string;
    cancelButtonText?: string;
    customDialog?: React.ComponentType<LeaveConfirmDialogProps>;
    onSave?: () => Promise<boolean>;
    onDiscard?: () => void;
    onCancel?: () => void;
    // 高级配置
    ignoreRoutes?: string[];        // 忽略的路由
    timeout?: number;               // 确认对话框超时
    forceLeave?: boolean;            // 强制离开选项
    saveBeforeLeave?: boolean;       // 离开前自动保存
  }
) {
  const navigate = useNavigate();
  const location = useLocation();

  useEffect(() => {
    const handleBeforeUnload = (e: BeforeUnloadEvent) => {
      if (when) {
        e.preventDefault();
        e.returnValue = message;
        return message;
      }
    };

    window.addEventListener('beforeunload', handleBeforeUnload);

    return () => {
      window.removeEventListener('beforeunload', handleBeforeUnload);
    };
  }, [when, message]);

  // 阻止React Router导航
  const [blocker, setBlocker] = useState(false);

  useEffect(() => {
    if (when) {
      setBlocker(true);
    } else {
      setBlocker(false);
    }
  }, [when]);

  const confirmNavigation = useCallback((to: string) => {
    if (when && window.confirm(message)) {
      navigate(to);
    }
  }, [when, message, navigate]);

  return {
    confirmNavigation,
    isBlocking: blocker
  };
}

// 表单组件使用示例
function UserEditForm() {
  const [formData, setFormData] = useState(initialFormData);
  const [isDirty, setIsDirty] = useState(false);
  
  const { confirmNavigation, isBlocking } = useLeaveConfirmation(
    isDirty,
    '您有未保存的更改，确定要离开吗？'
  );

  const handleFormChange = (values: any) => {
    setFormData(values);
    setIsDirty(true);
  };

  const handleSave = async () => {
    await saveUser(formData);
    setIsDirty(false);
  };

  return (
    <div>
      <Form 
        values={formData}
        onChange={handleFormChange}
        onSubmit={handleSave}
      />
      
      {isBlocking && (
        <div className="unsaved-changes-banner">
          <span>您有未保存的更改</span>
          <button onClick={handleSave}>保存</button>
        </div>
      )}
    </div>
  );
}

2.6 导航进度与加载状态

📊 用户体验：清晰的导航进度反馈能显著提升用户体验。通过智能的进度管理系统，我们可以为用户提供流畅、可感知的导航过程。

typescript 复制代码 
// 智能导航进度钩子
function useNavigationProgress(options?: {
  showProgress?: boolean;
  minDuration?: number;
  progressSteps?: number;
  smoothAnimation?: boolean;
  // 自定义样式
  className?: string;
  style?: React.CSSProperties;
  // 事件回调
  onStart?: () => void;
  onComplete?: () => void;
  onError?: (error: Error) => void;
}) {
  const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(false);
  const [progress, setProgress] = useState(0);
  const [stage, setStage] = useState<'idle' | 'loading' | 'success' | 'error'>('idle');
  const [message, setMessage] = useState<string>('');

  const startNavigation = useCallback(() => {
    setIsLoading(true);
    setProgress(0);
    
    const interval = setInterval(() => {
      setProgress(prev => {
        if (prev >= 90) {
          clearInterval(interval);
          return 90;
        }
        return prev + 10;
      });
    }, 100);

    return () => clearInterval(interval);
  }, []);

  const completeNavigation = useCallback(() => {
    setProgress(100);
    setTimeout(() => {
      setIsLoading(false);
      setProgress(0);
    }, 300);
  }, []);

  return {
    isLoading,
    progress,
    startNavigation,
    completeNavigation
  };
}

// 全局导航进度条组件
function NavigationProgress() {
  const { isLoading, progress } = useNavigationProgress();

  if (!isLoading) return null;

  return (
    <div className="navigation-progress">
      <div 
        className="progress-bar"
        style={{ width: `${progress}%` }}
      />
    </div>
  );
}

// 路由级别的加载状态管理
function useRouteLoading() {
  const { startNavigation, completeNavigation } = useNavigationProgress();
  const location = useLocation();
  const [previousLocation, setPreviousLocation] = useState(location);

  useEffect(() => {
    if (location !== previousLocation) {
      startNavigation();
      
      // 模拟路由切换延迟
      const timer = setTimeout(() => {
        completeNavigation();
        setPreviousLocation(location);
      }, 500);

      return () => clearTimeout(timer);
    }
  }, [location, previousLocation, startNavigation, completeNavigation]);

  return null;
}

// 应用组件中使用
function App() {
  return (
    <Router>
      <NavigationProgress />
      <useRouteLoading />
      <Routes>
        {/* 路由配置 */}
      </Routes>
    </Router>
  );
}

2.7 高级导航模式

🧠 智能导航：通过分析用户行为、应用状态和历史模式，实现智能化的导航决策，为用户提供更加自然和高效的导航体验。

typescript 复制代码 
// AI驱动的智能导航钩子
function useSmartNavigation(options?: {
  enablePrediction?: boolean;        // 启用预测导航
  learningMode?: boolean;           // 学习模式
  customStrategies?: NavigationStrategy[];
  analytics?: boolean;              // 收集分析数据
}) {
  const navigate = useNavigate();
  const location = useLocation();
  const { canGoBack } = useNavigation();
  const [predictions, setPredictions] = useState<string[]>([]);

  const smartNavigate = useCallback((to: string, options?: {
    replace?: boolean;
    state?: any;
    smart?: boolean;
  }) => {
    if (!options?.smart) {
      navigate(to, options);
      return;
    }

    // 智能导航逻辑
    const currentPath = location.pathname;
    
    // 如果是返回到上级页面，使用后退
    if (canGoBack && isParentPath(to, currentPath)) {
      navigate(-1);
      return;
    }

    // 如果是替换当前页面
    if (isSamePage(to, currentPath)) {
      navigate(to, { replace: true, ...options });
      return;
    }

    // 默认正常导航
    navigate(to, options);
  }, [navigate, location, canGoBack]);

  return { smartNavigate };
}

// 路径判断工具
function isParentPath(target: string, current: string): boolean {
  const targetSegments = target.split('/').filter(Boolean);
  const currentSegments = current.split('/').filter(Boolean);
  
  return targetSegments.length < currentSegments.length &&
         targetSegments.every((seg, index) => seg === currentSegments[index]);
}

function isSamePage(target: string, current: string): boolean {
  const targetPath = target.split('?')[0];
  const currentPath = current.split('?')[0];
  return targetPath === currentPath;
}

// 带面包屑的导航
function useBreadcrumbNavigation() {
  const location = useLocation();
  const [breadcrumbs, setBreadcrumbs] = useState<BreadcrumbItem[]>([]);

  useEffect(() => {
    const pathSegments = location.pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean);
    const crumbs: BreadcrumbItem[] = [
      { label: '首页', path: '/' }
    ];

    pathSegments.forEach((segment, index) => {
      const path = '/' + pathSegments.slice(0, index + 1).join('/');
      crumbs.push({
        label: formatBreadcrumbLabel(segment),
        path
      });
    });

    setBreadcrumbs(crumbs);
  }, [location.pathname]);

  return { breadcrumbs };
}

interface BreadcrumbItem {
  label: string;
  path: string;
}

function formatBreadcrumbLabel(segment: string): string {
  return segment
    .split('-')
    .map(word => word.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + word.slice(1))
    .join(' ');
}

🏢 企业级实战案例

🏭 实战价值：理论知识只有在实际应用中才能体现其价值。通过三个典型的企业级案例，我们将展示如何在实际项目中应用嵌套路由和导航钩子技术。

3.1 电商平台嵌套路由架构

🛒 业务场景：电商平台具有复杂的用户角色体系（游客、会员、商家、管理员），需要精细的权限控制和个性化的用户体验展示。

typescript 复制代码 
// 企业级电商平台路由配置
interface EcommerceRouteConfig {
  path: string;
  component: React.ComponentType;
  layout?: 'public' | 'auth' | 'admin' | 'merchant';
  permissions?: string[];
  roles?: string[];
  // SEO优化
  meta?: {
    title?: string;
    description?: string;
    keywords?: string[];
    robots?: 'index' | 'noindex';
    canonical?: string;
  };
  // 业务配置
  business?: {
    category?: string;
    priority?: number;
    requiresLogin?: boolean;
    requiresPayment?: boolean;
    ageRestricted?: boolean;
    geoRestricted?: string[];
  };
  // 性能优化
  performance?: {
    preload?: boolean;
    lazy?: boolean;
    cache?: boolean;
    timeout?: number;
  };
  children?: EcommerceRouteConfig[];
}

const ecommerceRoutes: EcommerceRouteConfig[] = [
  {
    path: '/',
    component: PublicLayout,
    children: [
      {
        path: '',
        component: HomePage,
        meta: {
          title: '电商首页',
          description: '精选商品，限时优惠'
        }
      },
      {
        path: 'products',
        component: ProductsPage,
        children: [
          {
            path: '',
            component: ProductList
          },
          {
            path: ':category',
            component: CategoryProducts
          },
          {
            path: ':category/:productId',
            component: ProductDetail
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        path: 'cart',
        component: CartPage,
        layout: 'auth',
        permissions: ['cart:access']
      },
      {
        path: 'checkout',
        component: CheckoutPage,
        layout: 'auth',
        permissions: ['order:create']
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    path: '/account',
    component: AuthLayout,
    permissions: ['authenticated'],
    children: [
      {
        path: '',
        component: AccountDashboard
      },
      {
        path: 'orders',
        component: OrdersPage,
        children: [
          {
            path: '',
            component: OrdersList
          },
          {
            path: ':orderId',
            component: OrderDetail
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        path: 'profile',
        component: ProfilePage
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    path: '/admin',
    component: AdminLayout,
    permissions: ['admin'],
    children: [
      {
        path: '',
        component: AdminDashboard
      },
      {
        path: 'products',
        component: ProductManagement,
        children: [
          {
            path: '',
            component: ProductListManagement
          },
          {
            path: 'new',
            component: ProductCreate
          },
          {
            path: ':productId/edit',
            component: ProductEdit
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        path: 'orders',
        component: OrderManagement
      }
    ]
  }
];

// 动态路由渲染Hook
function useEcommerceRoutes() {
  const { hasPermission, isAuthenticated } = useAuth();
  const navigate = useNavigate();

  const filterRoutesByPermission = useCallback((
    routes: EcommerceRouteConfig[]
  ): EcommerceRouteConfig[] => {
    return routes.filter(route => {
      // 检查权限
      if (route.permissions) {
        const hasRequiredPermission = route.permissions.every(permission => 
          hasPermission(permission)
        );
        if (!hasRequiredPermission) return false;
      }

      // 检查布局权限
      if (route.layout === 'auth' && !isAuthenticated) {
        return false;
      }

      // 递归过滤子路由
      if (route.children) {
        route.children = filterRoutesByPermission(route.children);
      }

      return true;
    });
  }, [hasPermission, isAuthenticated]);

  const renderRoutes = useCallback((routes: EcommerceRouteConfig[]) => {
    return routes.map((route, index) => {
      const Component = route.component;
      
      return (
        <Route
          key={`${route.path}-${index}`}
          path={route.path}
          element={<Component />}
        >
          {route.children && renderRoutes(route.children)}
        </Route>
      );
    });
  }, []);

  const filteredRoutes = useMemo(() => 
    filterRoutesByPermission(ecommerceRoutes)
  , [filterRoutesByPermission]);

  return { routes: filteredRoutes, renderRoutes };
}

3.2 管理后台权限控制系统

🔐 安全架构：管理后台是企业应用的命脉，需要多层权限保护、操作审计和安全监控。本案例展示如何构建企业级的安全路由系统。

typescript 复制代码 
// 企业级权限控制中间件
interface PermissionMiddlewareProps {
  children: React.ReactNode;
  requiredPermissions: string[];
  requiredRoles?: string[];
  fallback?: React.ReactNode;
  mode?: 'any' | 'all';
  // 安全配置
  security?: {
    auditLog?: boolean;           // 审计日志
    sessionTimeout?: number;      // 会话超时
    ipWhitelist?: string[];       // IP白名单
    mfaRequired?: boolean;        // 多因素认证
  };
  // 访问控制
  access?: {
    timeRestriction?: {
      start: string;
      end: string;
      timezone: string;
    };
    geoRestriction?: string[];    // 地理限制
    deviceRestriction?: string[];  // 设备限制
  };
}

function PermissionMiddleware({
  children,
  requiredPermissions,
  fallback = <div>无权限访问</div>,
  mode = 'all'
}: PermissionMiddlewareProps) {
  const { hasPermission, hasAnyPermission, hasAllPermissions } = usePermission();

  const hasAccess = mode === 'any' 
    ? hasAnyPermission(requiredPermissions)
    : hasAllPermissions(requiredPermissions);

  if (!hasAccess) {
    return <>{fallback}</>;
  }

  return <>{children}</>;
}

// 路由级别的权限控制
function ProtectedRoute({
  children,
  permissions,
  roles,
  redirectTo = '/403'
}: {
  children: React.ReactNode;
  permissions?: string[];
  roles?: string[];
  redirectTo?: string;
}) {
  const { isAuthenticated, user } = useAuth();
  const { hasAnyPermission } = usePermission();
  const navigate = useNavigate();

  useEffect(() => {
    if (!isAuthenticated) {
      navigate('/login', { replace: true });
      return;
    }

    if (permissions && !hasAnyPermission(permissions)) {
      navigate(redirectTo, { replace: true });
      return;
    }

    if (roles && !roles.some(role => user?.roles?.includes(role))) {
      navigate(redirectTo, { replace: true });
      return;
    }
  }, [isAuthenticated, permissions, roles, user, hasAnyPermission, navigate, redirectTo]);

  return <>{children}</>;
}

// 管理后台路由配置
const adminRoutes = [
  {
    path: '/admin',
    element: (
      <ProtectedRoute permissions={['admin:access']}>
        <AdminLayout />
      </ProtectedRoute>
    ),
    children: [
      {
        index: true,
        element: <AdminDashboard />
      },
      {
        path: 'users',
        element: (
          <PermissionMiddleware requiredPermissions={['user:read']}>
            <UserManagement />
          </PermissionMiddleware>
        ),
        children: [
          {
            index: true,
            element: <UserList />
          },
          {
            path: 'new',
            element: (
              <PermissionMiddleware requiredPermissions={['user:create']}>
                <UserCreate />
              </PermissionMiddleware>
            )
          },
          {
            path: ':userId',
            element: <UserDetail />
          },
          {
            path: ':userId/edit',
            element: (
              <PermissionMiddleware requiredPermissions={['user:update']}>
                <UserEdit />
              </PermissionMiddleware>
            )
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        path: 'settings',
        element: (
          <PermissionMiddleware requiredPermissions={['system:settings']} mode="any">
            <SystemSettings />
          </PermissionMiddleware>
        ),
        children: [
          {
            index: true,
            element: <GeneralSettings />
          },
          {
            path: 'security',
            element: (
              <PermissionMiddleware requiredPermissions={['system:security']}>
                <SecuritySettings />
              </PermissionMiddleware>
            )
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
];

// 权限检查Hook
function useRoutePermissions() {
  const location = useLocation();
  const [currentPermissions, setCurrentPermissions] = useState<string[]>([]);

  useEffect(() => {
    // 根据当前路径获取所需权限
    const getRequiredPermissions = (pathname: string): string[] => {
      const permissionMap: Record<string, string[]> = {
        '/admin/users': ['user:read'],
        '/admin/users/new': ['user:create'],
        '/admin/users/:userId/edit': ['user:update'],
        '/admin/settings': ['system:settings'],
        '/admin/settings/security': ['system:security']
      };

      const matchedRoute = Object.keys(permissionMap).find(route => 
        pathname.includes(route.replace(/:[^/]+/g, ''))
      );

      return matchedRoute ? permissionMap[matchedRoute] : [];
    };

    setCurrentPermissions(getRequiredPermissions(location.pathname));
  }, [location.pathname]);

  return { currentPermissions };
}

3.3 多租户系统路由架构

🏢 SaaS架构：多租户系统需要动态的路由解析、租户隔离和个性化的配置管理。本案例展示如何构建支持大规模租户的SaaS应用路由架构。

typescript 复制代码 
// 企业级多租户路由配置
interface TenantRoute {
  tenantType: 'single' | 'multi' | 'hybrid';
  path: string;
  component: React.ComponentType;
  tenantResolver?: (context: TenantContext) => string;
  // 租户配置
  tenant?: {
    isolationLevel?: 'database' | 'schema' | 'row';
    customDomain?: boolean;
    subdomain?: boolean;
    pathBased?: boolean;
    // 租户定制
    customization?: {
      theme?: boolean;
      layout?: boolean;
      features?: string[];
      routes?: TenantCustomRoute[];
    };
  };
  // 扩展配置
  scaling?: {
    autoScaling?: boolean;
    resourceLimits?: ResourceLimits;
    performanceTier?: 'basic' | 'standard' | 'premium';
  };
}

// 租户上下文
interface TenantContext {
  domain: string;
  subdomain?: string;
  pathname: string;
  headers: Record<string, string>;
  timestamp: number;
}

// 资源限制
interface ResourceLimits {
  maxUsers?: number;
  maxRequests?: number;
  bandwidth?: number;
  storage?: number;
}

function useTenantRouting() {
  const [tenant, setTenant] = useState<string>('');
  const [tenantConfig, setTenantConfig] = useState<any>(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    const resolveTenant = () => {
      const hostname = window.location.hostname;
      
      // 子域名模式
      if (hostname.includes('.')) {
        const subdomain = hostname.split('.')[0];
        setTenant(subdomain);
        return;
      }

      // 路径模式
      const pathTenant = window.location.pathname.split('/')[1];
      if (pathTenant && pathTenant !== 'app') {
        setTenant(pathTenant);
      }
    };

    resolveTenant();
  }, []);

  const loadTenantConfig = useCallback(async () => {
    if (!tenant) return;

    try {
      const config = await fetch(`/api/tenants/${tenant}`).then(res => res.json());
      setTenantConfig(config);
    } catch (error) {
      console.error('Failed to load tenant config:', error);
    }
  }, [tenant]);

  useEffect(() => {
    loadTenantConfig();
  }, [loadTenantConfig]);

  return { tenant, tenantConfig };
}

// 租户特定的路由组件
function TenantRouter() {
  const { tenant, tenantConfig } = useTenantRouting();

  if (!tenantConfig) {
    return <div>加载租户配置中...</div>;
  }

  const baseRoute = tenantConfig.multiTenant ? `/${tenant}` : '';

  return (
    <Routes>
      <Route path={`${baseRoute}/`} element={<TenantLayout />}>
        <Route index element={<TenantDashboard />} />
        <Route path="products" element={<TenantProducts />} />
        <Route path="users" element={<TenantUsers />} />
      </Route>
    </Routes>
  );
}

// 动态路由生成
function useDynamicTenantRoutes() {
  const { tenantConfig } = useTenantRouting();
  const [routes, setRoutes] = useState<RouteConfig[]>([]);

  useEffect(() => {
    if (!tenantConfig) return;

    const generateRoutes = (config: any): RouteConfig[] => {
      const modules = config.modules || [];
      
      return modules.map((module: any) => ({
        path: module.route,
        element: lazyLoad(module.component),
        children: module.children ? generateRoutes(module.children) : undefined
      }));
    };

    setRoutes(generateRoutes(tenantConfig));
  }, [tenantConfig]);

  return routes;
}

🎯 最佳实践与总结

🚀 实战指导：通过系统性的最佳实践，帮助您构建高性能、可维护、安全可靠的企业级路由系统。

4.1 性能优化策略

⚡ 极致性能：现代Web应用对性能的要求越来越高。通过以下优化策略，我们可以显著提升路由系统的性能表现。

typescript 复制代码 
// 智能路由级别代码分割
const LazyDashboard = lazy(() => 
  import('./components/Dashboard').then(module => ({
    default: module.default
  }))
);

const LazyAnalytics = lazy(() => 
  import('./components/Analytics').then(module => ({
    default: module.default
  }))
);

// 预加载优化策略
const ROUTE_PRELOAD_CONFIG = {
  // 核心路由立即预加载
  immediate: ['/dashboard', '/profile'],
  // 空闲时预加载
  idle: ['/analytics', '/reports'],
  // 鼠标悬停预加载
  hover: ['/settings', '/help'],
  // 可见时预加载
  visible: ['/premium', '/upgrade']
} as const;

// 预加载策略
function useRoutePreloading() {
  const location = useLocation();

  useEffect(() => {
    // 预加载可能访问的页面
    const prefetchRoutes = () => {
      import('./components/Analytics');
      import('./components/Reports');
    };

    const timer = setTimeout(prefetchRoutes, 2000);
    return () => clearTimeout(timer);
  }, [location]);

  return null;
}

// 路由缓存
function useRouteCache() {
  const cache = useRef(new Map());

  const getCachedRoute = useCallback((path: string) => {
    return cache.current.get(path);
  }, []);

  const setCachedRoute = useCallback((path: string, component: React.ComponentType) => {
    cache.current.set(path, component);
  }, []);

  return { getCachedRoute, setCachedRoute };
}

4.2 错误处理与监控

typescript 复制代码 
// 路由错误边界
class RouteErrorBoundary extends React.Component<
  { children: React.ReactNode },
  { hasError: boolean; error?: Error }
> {
  constructor(props: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
    super(props);
    this.state = { hasError: false };
  }

  static getDerivedStateFromError(error: Error) {
    return { hasError: true, error };
  }

  componentDidCatch(error: Error, errorInfo: React.ErrorInfo) {
    // 发送错误到监控服务
    console.error('Route Error:', error, errorInfo);
  }

  render() {
    if (this.state.hasError) {
      return <RouteErrorFallback error={this.state.error} />;
    }

    return this.props.children;
  }
}

// 路由监控Hook
function useRouteAnalytics() {
  const location = useLocation();
  const { user } = useAuth();

  useEffect(() => {
    // 记录页面访问
    const trackPageView = () => {
      if (typeof window.gtag !== 'undefined') {
        window.gtag('config', 'GA_MEASUREMENT_ID', {
          page_path: location.pathname,
          user_id: user?.id
        });
      }
    };

    trackPageView();
  }, [location.pathname, user?.id]);
}

4.3 总结与建议

通过本文的深入学习，我们掌握了React Router TypeScript在嵌套路由和导航钩子方面的核心技术：

🎯 核心技术要点

  1. 嵌套路由架构设计

    • 类型安全的路由配置
    • 动态路由生成
    • 条件路由实现
    • 路由组合与复用

  2. 导航钩子深度应用

    • 权限控制系统
    • 数据预加载机制
    • 页面离开确认
    • 导航进度管理

  3. 企业级实践

    • 多租户路由架构
    • 性能优化策略
    • 错误处理机制
    • 监控与分析
🚀 最佳实践建议
  1. 类型安全优先 - 充分利用TypeScript的类型系统
  2. 组件化设计 - 将路由逻辑拆分为可复用的组件
  3. 性能考虑 - 合理使用代码分割和缓存策略
  4. 用户体验 - 提供加载状态和错误处理
  5. 安全性 - 实施完善的权限控制机制
📚 学习路径建议
  1. 基础掌握 - 先掌握React Router基础概念
  2. 类型深化 - 深入理解TypeScript类型系统
  3. 实践应用 - 通过实际项目练习各种模式
  4. 性能优化 - 学习相关优化技术和工具
  5. 架构设计 - 掌握大型项目的路由架构设计

通过本文的学习，您现在已经具备了构建企业级React应用路由系统的能力。继续探索和实践，将这些技术应用到实际项目中，构建更加优秀的Web应用！

🔗 相关资源

💡 持续学习：路由技术在前端开发中至关重要，建议持续关注最新技术发展，不断优化和完善自己的路由架构设计能力。

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