Excel自动化操作详细文档04

jiayong232026-01-02 9:20

批量处理文件

1.1 批量读取Excel文件

Python操作：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
import os
from pathlib import Path

# 读取文件夹中所有Excel文件
folder_path = 'data'
all_files = Path(folder_path).glob('*.xlsx')

# 合并所有文件
df_list = []
for file in all_files:
    df = pd.read_excel(file)
    df['来源文件'] = file.name
    df_list.append(df)

# 合并为一个DataFrame
combined_df = pd.concat(df_list, ignore_index=True)
combined_df.to_excel('合并结果.xlsx', index=False)

print(f'共处理 {len(df_list)} 个文件')

1.2 批量转换格式

Excel转CSV：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
from pathlib import Path

folder_path = 'excel_files'
output_folder = 'csv_files'
Path(output_folder).mkdir(exist_ok=True)

for excel_file in Path(folder_path).glob('*.xlsx'):
    df = pd.read_excel(excel_file)
    csv_file = Path(output_folder) / f'{excel_file.stem}.csv'
    df.to_csv(csv_file, index=False, encoding='utf-8-sig')
    print(f'已转换: {excel_file.name} -> {csv_file.name}')

CSV转Excel：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
from pathlib import Path

folder_path = 'csv_files'
output_folder = 'excel_files'
Path(output_folder).mkdir(exist_ok=True)

for csv_file in Path(folder_path).glob('*.csv'):
    df = pd.read_csv(csv_file)
    excel_file = Path(output_folder) / f'{csv_file.stem}.xlsx'
    df.to_excel(excel_file, index=False)
    print(f'已转换: {csv_file.name} -> {excel_file.name}')

1.3 批量修改文件

批量添加列：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
from pathlib import Path
from datetime import datetime

folder_path = 'data'

for excel_file in Path(folder_path).glob('*.xlsx'):
    df = pd.read_excel(excel_file)

    # 添加处理时间列
    df['处理时间'] = datetime.now()

    # 添加计算列
    if '数量' in df.columns and '单价' in df.columns:
        df['总价'] = df['数量'] * df['单价']

    # 保存
    df.to_excel(excel_file, index=False)
    print(f'已处理: {excel_file.name}')

1.4 批量拆分文件

按列值拆分：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
from pathlib import Path

df = pd.read_excel('总数据.xlsx')

# 按部门拆分
output_folder = Path('按部门拆分')
output_folder.mkdir(exist_ok=True)

for dept in df['部门'].unique():
    dept_df = df[df['部门'] == dept]
    output_file = output_folder / f'{dept}.xlsx'
    dept_df.to_excel(output_file, index=False)
    print(f'已生成: {output_file.name}, 共 {len(dept_df)} 条记录')

按行数拆分：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
from pathlib import Path

df = pd.read_excel('大文件.xlsx')

# 每1000行拆分一个文件
chunk_size = 1000
output_folder = Path('拆分文件')
output_folder.mkdir(exist_ok=True)

for i in range(0, len(df), chunk_size):
    chunk_df = df.iloc[i:i+chunk_size]
    output_file = output_folder / f'part_{i//chunk_size + 1}.xlsx'
    chunk_df.to_excel(output_file, index=False)
    print(f'已生成: {output_file.name}')

自动化报表生成

2.1 生成格式化报表

Python操作：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
from openpyxl import load_workbook
from openpyxl.styles import Font, PatternFill, Alignment, Border, Side

# 读取数据
df = pd.read_excel('原始数据.xlsx')

# 数据处理
summary = df.groupby('部门').agg({
    '销售额': 'sum',
    '订单数': 'count',
    '客户数': 'nunique'
}).reset_index()

# 保存到Excel
output_file = '销售报表.xlsx'
summary.to_excel(output_file, index=False, sheet_name='汇总')

# 格式化
wb = load_workbook(output_file)
ws = wb['汇总']

# 设置标题样式
header_fill = PatternFill(start_color='4472C4', fill_type='solid')
header_font = Font(color='FFFFFF', bold=True)

for cell in ws[1]:
    cell.fill = header_fill
    cell.font = header_font
    cell.alignment = Alignment(horizontal='center')

# 设置边框
thin_border = Border(
    left=Side(style='thin'),
    right=Side(style='thin'),
    top=Side(style='thin'),
    bottom=Side(style='thin')
)

for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_row=ws.max_row, min_col=1, max_col=ws.max_column):
    for cell in row:
        cell.border = thin_border

# 调整列宽
for column in ws.columns:
    max_length = 0
    column_letter = column[0].column_letter
    for cell in column:
        if cell.value:
            max_length = max(max_length, len(str(cell.value)))
    ws.column_dimensions[column_letter].width = max_length + 2

wb.save(output_file)
print(f'报表已生成: {output_file}')

2.2 生成多工作表报表

Python操作：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
from datetime import datetime

df = pd.read_excel('销售数据.xlsx')

# 创建Excel写入器
output_file = f'销售报表_{datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d")}.xlsx'
with pd.ExcelWriter(output_file, engine='openpyxl') as writer:

    # 总览表
    summary = df.groupby('部门')['销售额'].sum().reset_index()
    summary.to_excel(writer, sheet_name='总览', index=False)

    # 按部门分表
    for dept in df['部门'].unique():
        dept_df = df[df['部门'] == dept]
        dept_df.to_excel(writer, sheet_name=dept, index=False)

    # 趋势分析
    df['日期'] = pd.to_datetime(df['日期'])
    trend = df.groupby(df['日期'].dt.to_period('M'))['销售额'].sum().reset_index()
    trend.to_excel(writer, sheet_name='月度趋势', index=False)

print(f'多工作表报表已生成: {output_file}')

2.3 生成带图表的报表

Python操作：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
from openpyxl import load_workbook
from openpyxl.chart import BarChart, Reference

# 准备数据
df = pd.read_excel('销售数据.xlsx')
summary = df.groupby('产品')['销售额'].sum().reset_index()

# 保存数据
output_file = '销售报表_带图表.xlsx'
summary.to_excel(output_file, index=False, sheet_name='数据')

# 添加图表
wb = load_workbook(output_file)
ws = wb['数据']

chart = BarChart()
chart.title = "产品销售额"
chart.x_axis.title = "产品"
chart.y_axis.title = "销售��"

data = Reference(ws, min_col=2, min_row=1, max_row=ws.max_row)
cats = Reference(ws, min_col=1, min_row=2, max_row=ws.max_row)
chart.add_data(data, titles_from_data=True)
chart.set_categories(cats)

ws.add_chart(chart, "D2")

wb.save(output_file)
print(f'带图表的报表已生成: {output_file}')

定时任务

3.1 使用schedule库

Python操作：

python 复制代码 
import schedule
import time
import pandas as pd
from datetime import datetime

def generate_daily_report():
    """生成每日报表"""
    df = pd.read_excel('实时数据.xlsx')

    # 数据处理
    summary = df.groupby('类别')['数量'].sum().reset_index()

    # 保存报表
    output_file = f'日报_{datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d")}.xlsx'
    summary.to_excel(output_file, index=False)

    print(f'{datetime.now()}: 日报已生成 - {output_file}')

# 每天上午9点执行
schedule.every().day.at("09:00").do(generate_daily_report)

# 每小时执行
schedule.every().hour.do(generate_daily_report)

# 每周一执行
schedule.every().monday.at("09:00").do(generate_daily_report)

print('定时任务已启动...')
while True:
    schedule.run_pending()
    time.sleep(60)

3.2 使用Windows任务计划程序

创建批处理文件 (run_report.bat)：

batch 复制代码 
@echo off
cd /d D:\Reports
python generate_report.py
pause

Python脚本 (generate_report.py)：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
from datetime import datetime
import logging

# 配置日志
logging.basicConfig(
    filename='report_log.txt',
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(message)s'
)

try:
    # 生成报表
    df = pd.read_excel('数据源.xlsx')
    summary = df.groupby('部门')['销售额'].sum().reset_index()

    output_file = f'报表_{datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")}.xlsx'
    summary.to_excel(output_file, index=False)

    logging.info(f'报表生成成功: {output_file}')
    print(f'报表生成成功: {output_file}')

except Exception as e:
    logging.error(f'报表生成失败: {str(e)}')
    print(f'报表生成失败: {str(e)}')

设置Windows任务计划：

  1. 打开"任务计划程序"
  2. 创建基本任务
  3. 设置触发器（每天、每周等）
  4. 操作：启动程序 → 选择 run_report.bat
  5. 完成设置

邮件自动发送

4.1 发送Excel附件

Python操作：

python 复制代码 
import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email import encoders
import pandas as pd
from datetime import datetime

def send_report_email(excel_file, recipients):
    """发送Excel报表邮件"""

    # 邮件配置
    sender_email = "your_email@example.com"
    sender_password = "your_password"
    smtp_server = "smtp.example.com"
    smtp_port = 587

    # 创建邮件
    msg = MIMEMultipart()
    msg['From'] = sender_email
    msg['To'] = ', '.join(recipients)
    msg['Subject'] = f'销售报表 - {datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d")}'

    # 邮件正文
    body = """
    您好，

    附件是今日的销售报表，请查收。

    此邮件由系统自动发送，请勿回复。
    """
    msg.attach(MIMEText(body, 'plain', 'utf-8'))

    # 添加附件
    with open(excel_file, 'rb') as f:
        part = MIMEBase('application', 'octet-stream')
        part.set_payload(f.read())
        encoders.encode_base64(part)
        part.add_header('Content-Disposition', f'attachment; filename={excel_file}')
        msg.attach(part)

    # 发送邮件
    try:
        server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, smtp_port)
        server.starttls()
        server.login(sender_email, sender_password)
        server.send_message(msg)
        server.quit()
        print(f'邮件发送成功: {excel_file}')
    except Exception as e:
        print(f'邮件发送失败: {str(e)}')

# 使用示例
excel_file = '销售报表.xlsx'
recipients = ['user1@example.com', 'user2@example.com']
send_report_email(excel_file, recipients)

4.2 发送HTML格式邮件

Python操作：

python 复制代码 
import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
import pandas as pd

def send_html_report(df, recipients):
    """发送HTML格式的数据表格"""

    sender_email = "your_email@example.com"
    sender_password = "your_password"

    msg = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
    msg['Subject'] = '销售数据报表'
    msg['From'] = sender_email
    msg['To'] = ', '.join(recipients)

    # 将DataFrame转为HTML
    html_table = df.to_html(index=False, border=1)

    html_body = f"""
    <html>
      <head>
        <style>
          table {{ border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; }}
          th {{ background-color: #4472C4; color: white; padding: 8px; }}
          td {{ padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd; }}
          tr:nth-child(even) {{ background-color: #f2f2f2; }}
        </style>
      </head>
      <body>
        <h2>销售数据报表</h2>
        {html_table}
      </body>
    </html>
    """

    msg.attach(MIMEText(html_body, 'html', 'utf-8'))

    # 发送
    server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.example.com', 587)
    server.starttls()
    server.login(sender_email, sender_password)
    server.send_message(msg)
    server.quit()

    print('HTML邮件发送成功')

# 使用示例
df = pd.read_excel('销售数据.xlsx')
recipients = ['user@example.com']
send_html_report(df, recipients)

数据库集成

5.1 从数据库读取到Excel

Python操作：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
import sqlite3

# SQLite示例
conn = sqlite3.connect('database.db')
query = "SELECT * FROM sales WHERE date >= '2024-01-01'"
df = pd.read_sql_query(query, conn)
conn.close()

df.to_excel('数据库导出.xlsx', index=False)
print(f'已导出 {len(df)} 条记录')

MySQL示例：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
import pymysql

conn = pymysql.connect(
    host='localhost',
    user='username',
    password='password',
    database='mydb'
)

query = "SELECT * FROM sales"
df = pd.read_sql(query, conn)
conn.close()

df.to_excel('MySQL导出.xlsx', index=False)

5.2 从Excel导入到数据库

Python操作：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
import sqlite3

# 读取Excel
df = pd.read_excel('数据.xlsx')

# 导入到SQLite
conn = sqlite3.connect('database.db')
df.to_sql('sales', conn, if_exists='replace', index=False)
conn.close()

print(f'已导入 {len(df)} 条记录到数据库')

Web数据抓取

6.1 抓取网页表格

Python操作：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

url = 'https://example.com/data'
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.content, 'html.parser')

# 查找表格
table = soup.find('table')

# 转换为DataFrame
df = pd.read_html(str(table))[0]

# 保存到Excel
df.to_excel('网页数据.xlsx', index=False)
print('网页数据已保存')

6.2 API数据获取

Python操作：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
import requests

# 调用API
url = 'https://api.example.com/data'
headers = {'Authorization': 'Bearer YOUR_TOKEN'}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

# 解析JSON
data = response.json()
df = pd.DataFrame(data['results'])

# 保存到Excel
df.to_excel('API数据.xlsx', index=False)
print(f'已获取 {len(df)} 条记录')

完整自动化示例

综合案例：每日销售报表自动化

Python操作：

python 复制代码 
import pandas as pd
import schedule
import time
from datetime import datetime
from openpyxl import load_workbook
from openpyxl.styles import Font, PatternFill
import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email import encoders

def generate_and_send_report():
    """生成并发送每日销售报表"""

    try:
        # 1. 读取数据
        df = pd.read_excel('销售数据.xlsx')

        # 2. 数据处理
        today = datetime.now().date()
        df['日期'] = pd.to_datetime(df['日期']).dt.date
        today_data = df[df['日期'] == today]

        summary = today_data.groupby('产品').agg({
            '销售额': 'sum',
            '数量': 'sum'
        }).reset_index()

        # 3. 生成Excel报表
        output_file = f'日报_{datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d")}.xlsx'
        summary.to_excel(output_file, index=False)

        # 4. 格式化
        wb = load_workbook(output_file)
        ws = wb.active

        for cell in ws[1]:
            cell.fill = PatternFill(start_color='4472C4', fill_type='solid')
            cell.font = Font(color='FFFFFF', bold=True)

        wb.save(output_file)

        # 5. 发送邮件
        send_email(output_file)

        print(f'{datetime.now()}: 报表生成并发送成功')

    except Exception as e:
        print(f'{datetime.now()}: 错误 - {str(e)}')

def send_email(file_path):
    """发送邮件"""
    # 邮件发送逻辑
    pass

# 设置定时任务：每天上午9点执行
schedule.every().day.at("09:00").do(generate_and_send_report)

print('自动化任务已启动...')
while True:
    schedule.run_pending()
    time.sleep(60)
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