基于.NET和C#构建光伏IoT物模型方案：架构设计与实践指南

大鹏说大话2026-02-20 8:30

基于.NET和C#构建光伏IoT物模型方案：架构设计与实践指南

摘要

随着全球光伏产业的高速发展，2026年全球光伏装机预计达到500-667GW，国内装机量达180-240GW。光伏电站的智能化运维需求日益增长，物联网技术成为实现光伏设备数字化管理的关键。本文详细介绍如何基于.NET和C#构建光伏IoT物模型方案，实现协议层、解析层、物模型层的解耦设计，支持多品牌逆变器的配置化接入。

一、背景与需求分析

1.1 光伏物联网发展现状

根据中国光伏行业协会发布的《中国光伏产业发展路线图（2025---2026年）》，2025年中国光伏物联网行业市场规模达980亿元，同比增长58.7%。光伏电站智能运维、分布式光伏协同管理、光储充一体化三大核心场景应用占比超72%。

核心挑战：

  • 数据碎片化：不同品牌逆变器通信协议各异（Modbus、IEC 61850、私有协议等）
  • 设备异构性：华为、阳光电源、锦浪等厂商设备数据格式不统一
  • 实时性要求：发电数据需秒级采集，告警事件需毫秒级响应
  • 可扩展性：需支持海量设备接入和动态扩展

1.2 物模型的价值

物模型（Thing Model）是物联网中对物理设备的数字化抽象，通过属性（Properties） 、事件（Events）、**服务（Services）**三大核心组件统一描述设备的功能和行为。

复制代码 
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    光伏设备物模型                        │
├─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────────────────────┤
│   属性      │    事件     │           服务              │
│ Properties  │   Events    │         Services            │
├─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
│ • 发电功率  │ • 故障告警  │ • 远程启停                  │
│ • 累计电量  │ • 温度异常  │ • 参数配置                  │
│ • 设备状态  │ • 通信中断  │ • 固件升级                  │
│ • 环境温度  │ • 电网异常  │ • 数据查询                  │
└─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘

二、整体架构设计

2.1 三层解耦架构

复制代码 
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        应用层 (Application Layer)                 │
│                    数据可视化 / 告警中心 / 运维管理                │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                              ▲
                              │ MQTT/HTTP
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        物模型层 (Thing Model Layer)               │
│  ┌─────────────┐  ┌─────────────┐  ┌─────────────────────────┐   │
│  │  属性管理   │  │  事件管理   │  │       服务管理          │   │
│  │ Properties  │  │   Events    │  │       Services          │   │
│  └─────────────┘  └─────────────┘  └─────────────────────────┘   │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                              ▲
                              │ 标准化数据
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        解析层 (Parser Layer)                      │
│  ┌─────────────┐  ┌─────────────┐  ┌─────────────────────────┐   │
│  │ Modbus解析  │  │ IEC61850解析│  │     私有协议解析         │   │
│  └─────────────┘  └─────────────┘  └─────────────────────────┘   │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                              ▲
                              │ 原始报文
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        协议层 (Protocol Layer)                    │
│  ┌─────────────┐  ┌─────────────┐  ┌─────────────────────────┐   │
│  │ Modbus TCP  │  │  MQTT/HTTPS │  │      串口通信           │   │
│  └─────────────┘  └─────────────┘  └─────────────────────────┘   │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                              ▲
                              │ 物理连接
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        设备层 (Device Layer)                      │
│     华为SUN2000    阳光电源    锦浪科技    固德威    ...          │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

2.2 技术栈选型

层级 技术组件 说明
运行时 .NET 8/9 跨平台、高性能
通信协议 NModbus4 Modbus TCP/RTU支持
消息队列 Azure IoT Hub / EMQX 设备连接与消息路由
数据存储 PostgreSQL + TimescaleDB 时序数据存储
缓存 Redis 设备状态缓存
配置管理 JSON/YAML 物模型配置化

三、核心代码实现

3.1 物模型基础定义

复制代码 
// 物模型基类
public abstract class ThingModel
{
    public string DeviceId { get; set; }
    public string DeviceType { get; set; }
    public DateTime Timestamp { get; set; }
    
    // 属性集合
    public Dictionary<string, Property> Properties { get; set; }
    
    // 事件集合
    public List<Event> Events { get; set; }
    
    // 服务集合
    public Dictionary<string, Service> Services { get; set; }
}

// 属性定义
public class Property
{
    public string Identifier { get; set; }      // 标识符
    public string Name { get; set; }            // 名称
    public DataType DataType { get; set; }      // 数据类型
    public AccessMode Access { get; set; }      // 读写权限
    public object Value { get; set; }           // 当前值
    public DateTime UpdateTime { get; set; }    // 更新时间
}

// 事件定义
public class Event
{
    public string Identifier { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public EventLevel Level { get; set; }       // 事件级别
    public object Data { get; set; }
    public DateTime OccurTime { get; set; }
}

// 服务定义
public class Service
{
    public string Identifier { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public MethodInfo Method { get; set; }
    public Task<object> InvokeAsync(object input);
}

3.2 光伏逆变器物模型

复制代码 
// 光伏逆变器物模型
public class PVInverterModel : ThingModel
{
    public PVInverterModel()
    {
        DeviceType = "PV_INVERTER";
        Properties = new Dictionary<string, Property>();
        Events = new List<Event>();
        Services = new Dictionary<string, Service>();
        
        // 初始化属性
        InitializeProperties();
        // 初始化服务
        InitializeServices();
    }
    
    private void InitializeProperties()
    {
        // 运行状态属性
        Properties.Add("RunningStatus", new Property
        {
            Identifier = "RunningStatus",
            Name = "运行状态",
            DataType = DataType.Enum,
            Access = AccessMode.ReadOnly,
            Value = 0  // 0:待机 1:运行 2:故障
        });
        
        // 发电功率
        Properties.Add("ActivePower", new Property
        {
            Identifier = "ActivePower",
            Name = "有功功率",
            DataType = DataType.Float,
            Access = AccessMode.ReadOnly,
            Unit = "kW"
        });
        
        // 累计发电量
        Properties.Add("TotalEnergy", new Property
        {
            Identifier = "TotalEnergy",
            Name = "累计发电量",
            DataType = DataType.Float,
            Access = AccessMode.ReadOnly,
            Unit = "kWh"
        });
        
        // 直流电压
        Properties.Add("DCVoltage", new Property
        {
            Identifier = "DCVoltage",
            Name = "直流电压",
            DataType = DataType.Float,
            Access = AccessMode.ReadOnly,
            Unit = "V"
        });
        
        // 交流电压
        Properties.Add("ACVoltage", new Property
        {
            Identifier = "ACVoltage",
            Name = "交流电压",
            DataType = DataType.Float,
            Access = AccessMode.ReadOnly,
            Unit = "V"
        });
        
        // 设备温度
        Properties.Add("DeviceTemp", new Property
        {
            Identifier = "DeviceTemp",
            Name = "设备温度",
            DataType = DataType.Float,
            Access = AccessMode.ReadOnly,
            Unit = "°C"
        });
        
        // 效率
        Properties.Add("Efficiency", new Property
        {
            Identifier = "Efficiency",
            Name = "转换效率",
            DataType = DataType.Float,
            Access = AccessMode.ReadOnly,
            Unit = "%"
        });
    }
    
    private void InitializeServices()
    {
        // 远程启停服务
        Services.Add("RemoteControl", new Service
        {
            Identifier = "RemoteControl",
            Name = "远程控制",
            InputType = typeof(ControlCommand),
            OutputType = typeof(ControlResult)
        });
        
        // 参数配置服务
        Services.Add("ConfigUpdate", new Service
        {
            Identifier = "ConfigUpdate",
            Name = "参数配置",
            InputType = typeof(ConfigParams),
            OutputType = typeof(ConfigResult)
        });
    }
}

// 枚举定义
public enum DataType
{
    Int,
    Float,
    String,
    Bool,
    Enum,
    Struct
}

public enum AccessMode
{
    ReadOnly,
    WriteOnly,
    ReadWrite
}

public enum EventLevel
{
    Info,
    Warning,
    Error,
    Critical
}

3.3 Modbus TCP协议层实现

复制代码 
// Modbus TCP请求构造
public class ModbusRequest
{
    public ushort TransactionId { get; set; }
    public byte ProtocolId { get; set; } = 0;
    public ushort Length { get; set; }
    public byte UnitId { get; set; }
    public byte FunctionCode { get; set; }
    public ushort StartAddress { get; set; }
    public ushort Quantity { get; set; }
    
    // 构造读取保持寄存器请求
    public byte[] BuildReadHoldingRegisters()
    {
        var buffer = new byte[12];
        
        // MBAP Header (7字节)
        BitConverter.GetBytes(TransactionId).CopyTo(buffer, 0);
        BitConverter.GetBytes(ProtocolId).CopyTo(buffer, 2);
        BitConverter.GetBytes(Length).CopyTo(buffer, 4);
        buffer[6] = UnitId;
        
        // PDU (5字节)
        buffer[7] = FunctionCode;  // 03 = 读保持寄存器
        BitConverter.GetBytes(StartAddress).CopyTo(buffer, 8);
        BitConverter.GetBytes(Quantity).CopyTo(buffer, 10);
        
        return buffer;
    }
}

// Modbus TCP响应解析
public class ModbusResponse
{
    public ushort TransactionId { get; set; }
    public byte UnitId { get; set; }
    public byte FunctionCode { get; set; }
    public byte ByteCount { get; set; }
    public byte[] Data { get; set; }
    
    public static ModbusResponse Parse(byte[] buffer)
    {
        return new ModbusResponse
        {
            TransactionId = BitConverter.ToUInt16(buffer, 0),
            UnitId = buffer[6],
            FunctionCode = buffer[7],
            ByteCount = buffer[8],
            Data = buffer.Skip(9).Take(buffer[8]).ToArray()
        };
    }
}

// Modbus通信客户端
public class ModbusTcpClient : IDisposable
{
    private readonly TcpClient _tcpClient;
    private readonly NetworkStream _stream;
    private ushort _transactionId = 0;
    
    public ModbusTcpClient(string host, int port = 502)
    {
        _tcpClient = new TcpClient(host, port);
        _stream = _tcpClient.GetStream();
    }
    
    public async Task<ModbusResponse> ReadHoldingRegistersAsync(
        byte unitId, 
        ushort startAddress, 
        ushort quantity)
    {
        var request = new ModbusRequest
        {
            TransactionId = ++_transactionId,
            Length = 6,
            UnitId = unitId,
            FunctionCode = 0x03,
            StartAddress = startAddress,
            Quantity = quantity
        };
        
        var requestBuffer = request.BuildReadHoldingRegisters();
        await _stream.WriteAsync(requestBuffer);
        
        var responseBuffer = new byte[256];
        var bytesRead = await _stream.ReadAsync(responseBuffer);
        
        return ModbusResponse.Parse(responseBuffer.Take(bytesRead).ToArray());
    }
    
    public void Dispose()
    {
        _stream?.Dispose();
        _tcpClient?.Dispose();
    }
}

3.4 华为SUN2000逆变器适配器

复制代码 
// 设备适配器接口
public interface IDeviceAdapter
{
    Task<ThingModel> ReadDataAsync();
    Task<bool> WriteDataAsync(string property, object value);
    Task<bool> InvokeServiceAsync(string serviceId, object input);
}

// 华为SUN2000逆变器适配器
public class HuaweiSUN2000Adapter : IDeviceAdapter
{
    private readonly ModbusTcpClient _modbusClient;
    private readonly PVInverterModel _model;
    private readonly byte _unitId;
    
    // 华为SUN2000寄存器地址映射
    private static readonly Dictionary<string, RegisterMapping> RegisterMap = new()
    {
        { "RunningStatus", new RegisterMapping { Address = 32008, Type = RegisterType.UInt16 } },
        { "ActivePower", new RegisterMapping { Address = 32006, Type = RegisterType.UInt32, Scale = 0.001f } },
        { "TotalEnergy", new RegisterMapping { Address = 32000, Type = RegisterType.UInt64, Scale = 0.001f } },
        { "DCVoltage", new RegisterMapping { Address = 32016, Type = RegisterType.UInt16, Scale = 0.1f } },
        { "ACVoltage", new RegisterMapping { Address = 32050, Type = RegisterType.UInt16, Scale = 0.1f } },
        { "DeviceTemp", new RegisterMapping { Address = 32022, Type = RegisterType.Int16, Scale = 0.1f } },
        { "Efficiency", new RegisterMapping { Address = 32048, Type = RegisterType.UInt16, Scale = 0.01f } }
    };
    
    public HuaweiSUN2000Adapter(string host, byte unitId = 1)
    {
        _modbusClient = new ModbusTcpClient(host);
        _unitId = unitId;
        _model = new PVInverterModel();
    }
    
    public async Task<ThingModel> ReadDataAsync()
    {
        _model.DeviceId = $"HUAWEI_{_unitId}";
        _model.Timestamp = DateTime.UtcNow;
        
        foreach (var mapping in RegisterMap)
        {
            try
            {
                var response = await _modbusClient.ReadHoldingRegistersAsync(
                    _unitId, 
                    mapping.Value.Address, 
                    mapping.Value.RegisterCount);
                
                var value = DecodeRegisterValue(response.Data, mapping.Value);
                _model.Properties[mapping.Key].Value = value;
                _model.Properties[mapping.Key].UpdateTime = DateTime.UtcNow;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                // 记录日志，继续读取其他属性
                _model.Events.Add(new Event
                {
                    Identifier = "ReadError",
                    Name = "读取错误",
                    Level = EventLevel.Warning,
                    Data = new { Property = mapping.Key, Error = ex.Message },
                    OccurTime = DateTime.UtcNow
                });
            }
        }
        
        return _model;
    }
    
    private object DecodeRegisterValue(byte[] data, RegisterMapping mapping)
    {
        return mapping.Type switch
        {
            RegisterType.UInt16 => BitConverter.ToUInt16(data, 0) * mapping.Scale,
            RegisterType.Int16 => BitConverter.ToInt16(data, 0) * mapping.Scale,
            RegisterType.UInt32 => BitConverter.ToUInt32(data, 0) * mapping.Scale,
            RegisterType.UInt64 => BitConverter.ToUInt64(data, 0) * mapping.Scale,
            _ => 0
        };
    }
    
    public Task<bool> WriteDataAsync(string property, object value)
    {
        // 实现写操作（逆变器通常只读）
        throw new NotSupportedException("逆变器数据为只读");
    }
    
    public Task<bool> InvokeServiceAsync(string serviceId, object input)
    {
        // 实现服务调用
        return Task.FromResult(true);
    }
}

// 寄存器映射配置
public class RegisterMapping
{
    public ushort Address { get; set; }
    public RegisterType Type { get; set; }
    public byte RegisterCount { get; set; } = 1;
    public float Scale { get; set; } = 1f;
}

public enum RegisterType
{
    UInt16,
    Int16,
    UInt32,
    Int32,
    UInt64,
    Int64,
    Float32,
    Float64
}

3.5 配置化多品牌适配器

复制代码 
// 物模型配置文件（JSON）
/*
{
  "deviceType": "PV_INVERTER",
  "brands": {
    "HUAWEI": {
      "name": "华为SUN2000",
      "protocol": "ModbusTCP",
      "port": 502,
      "properties": {
        "ActivePower": { "address": 32006, "type": "UInt32", "scale": 0.001, "unit": "kW" },
        "TotalEnergy": { "address": 32000, "type": "UInt64", "scale": 0.001, "unit": "kWh" }
      }
    },
    "SUNGROW": {
      "name": "阳光电源",
      "protocol": "ModbusTCP",
      "port": 502,
      "properties": {
        "ActivePower": { "address": 5001, "type": "UInt32", "scale": 0.001, "unit": "kW" },
        "TotalEnergy": { "address": 5003, "type": "UInt64", "scale": 0.001, "unit": "kWh" }
      }
    }
  }
}
*/

// 配置化适配器工厂
public class DeviceAdapterFactory
{
    private readonly Dictionary<string, BrandConfig> _brandConfigs;
    
    public DeviceAdapterFactory(string configPath)
    {
        var configJson = File.ReadAllText(configPath);
        var config = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<DeviceConfig>(configJson);
        _brandConfigs = config.Brands;
    }
    
    public IDeviceAdapter CreateAdapter(string brand, string host, byte unitId = 1)
    {
        return _brandConfigs[brand].Protocol.ToLower() switch
        {
            "modbustcp" => new GenericModbusAdapter(host, unitId, _brandConfigs[brand]),
            "iec61850" => new IEC61850Adapter(host, _brandConfigs[brand]),
            _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"不支持的协议: {_brandConfigs[brand].Protocol}")
        };
    }
}

// 通用Modbus适配器
public class GenericModbusAdapter : IDeviceAdapter
{
    private readonly ModbusTcpClient _client;
    private readonly BrandConfig _config;
    private readonly ThingModel _model;
    
    public GenericModbusAdapter(string host, byte unitId, BrandConfig config)
    {
        _client = new ModbusTcpClient(host, config.Port);
        _config = config;
        _model = new ThingModel
        {
            DeviceType = "PV_INVERTER",
            Properties = new Dictionary<string, Property>()
        };
        
        InitializeProperties();
    }
    
    private void InitializeProperties()
    {
        foreach (var prop in _config.Properties)
        {
            _model.Properties.Add(prop.Key, new Property
            {
                Identifier = prop.Key,
                Name = prop.Value.Name,
                DataType = MapDataType(prop.Value.Type),
                Access = AccessMode.ReadOnly,
                Unit = prop.Value.Unit
            });
        }
    }
    
    public async Task<ThingModel> ReadDataAsync()
    {
        _model.Timestamp = DateTime.UtcNow;
        
        foreach (var prop in _config.Properties)
        {
            var response = await _client.ReadHoldingRegistersAsync(
                1, prop.Value.Address, GetRegisterCount(prop.Value.Type));
            
            _model.Properties[prop.Key].Value = DecodeValue(response.Data, prop.Value);
            _model.Properties[prop.Key].UpdateTime = DateTime.UtcNow;
        }
        
        return _model;
    }
    
    // 其他实现...
}

3.6 Azure IoT Hub集成

复制代码 
// IoT Hub设备客户端
public class IoTHubDeviceClient
{
    private readonly DeviceClient _deviceClient;
    private readonly string _deviceId;
    
    public IoTHubDeviceClient(string connectionString, string deviceId)
    {
        _deviceClient = DeviceClient.CreateFromConnectionString(connectionString);
        _deviceId = deviceId;
    }
    
    // 上报设备属性
    public async Task ReportPropertiesAsync(ThingModel model)
    {
        var twinProperties = new TwinCollection();
        
        foreach (var prop in model.Properties.Values)
        {
            twinProperties[prop.Identifier] = new
            {
                value = prop.Value,
                timestamp = prop.UpdateTime.ToUnixTimeSeconds(),
                unit = prop.Unit
            };
        }
        
        await _deviceClient.UpdateReportedPropertiesAsync(twinProperties);
    }
    
    // 发送遥测数据
    public async Task SendTelemetryAsync(ThingModel model)
    {
        var telemetry = new
        {
            deviceId = model.DeviceId,
            timestamp = model.Timestamp.ToUnixTimeSeconds(),
            data = model.Properties.ToDictionary(
                p => p.Key, 
                p => p.Value.Value)
        };
        
        var message = new Message(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(JsonSerializer.Serialize(telemetry)));
        message.ContentType = "application/json";
        message.ContentEncoding = "utf-8";
        
        await _deviceClient.SendEventAsync(message);
    }
    
    // 监听云端命令
    public void ListenCloudCommands(Func<string, object, Task> handler)
    {
        _deviceClient.SetMethodHandlerAsync("InvokeService", async (request, context) =>
        {
            var result = await handler(request.Name, request.DataAsJson);
            return new MethodResponse(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(JsonSerializer.Serialize(result)), 200);
        });
    }
}

3.7 数据采集服务

复制代码 
// 数据采集后台服务
public class DataCollectionService : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly IDeviceAdapter _adapter;
    private readonly IoTHubDeviceClient _iotClient;
    private readonly ILogger<DataCollectionService> _logger;
    private readonly TimeSpan _collectionInterval;
    
    public DataCollectionService(
        IDeviceAdapter adapter,
        IoTHubDeviceClient iotClient,
        ILogger<DataCollectionService> logger,
        TimeSpan collectionInterval)
    {
        _adapter = adapter;
        _iotClient = iotClient;
        _logger = logger;
        _collectionInterval = collectionInterval;
    }
    
    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
    {
        _logger.LogInformation("数据采集服务启动");
        
        while (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            try
            {
                // 读取设备数据
                var model = await _adapter.ReadDataAsync();
                
                // 上报到IoT Hub
                await _iotClient.SendTelemetryAsync(model);
                await _iotClient.ReportPropertiesAsync(model);
                
                // 处理告警事件
                foreach (var eventItem in model.Events)
                {
                    if (eventItem.Level >= EventLevel.Warning)
                    {
                        await SendAlertAsync(eventItem);
                    }
                }
                
                _logger.LogInformation("数据采集完成: {DeviceId}", model.DeviceId);
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                _logger.LogError(ex, "数据采集失败");
            }
            
            await Task.Delay(_collectionInterval, stoppingToken);
        }
        
        _logger.LogInformation("数据采集服务停止");
    }
    
    private async Task SendAlertAsync(Event alertEvent)
    {
        // 发送告警通知（短信/邮件/钉钉等）
    }
}

四、物模型配置示例

4.1 完整物模型JSON定义

复制代码 
{
  "$schema": "https://iot.schema.cn/v1/thing-model",
  "deviceType": "PV_INVERTER",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "properties": {
    "RunningStatus": {
      "identifier": "RunningStatus",
      "name": "运行状态",
      "dataType": "enum",
      "access": "r",
      "unit": "",
      "values": [
        {"value": 0, "label": "待机"},
        {"value": 1, "label": "运行"},
        {"value": 2, "label": "故障"}
      ]
    },
    "ActivePower": {
      "identifier": "ActivePower",
      "name": "有功功率",
      "dataType": "float",
      "access": "r",
      "unit": "kW",
      "min": 0,
      "max": 1000
    },
    "TotalEnergy": {
      "identifier": "TotalEnergy",
      "name": "累计发电量",
      "dataType": "float",
      "access": "r",
      "unit": "kWh",
      "min": 0
    }
  },
  "events": {
    "FaultAlarm": {
      "identifier": "FaultAlarm",
      "name": "故障告警",
      "level": "error",
      "data": {
        "faultCode": "int",
        "faultMessage": "string"
      }
    },
    "TempWarning": {
      "identifier": "TempWarning",
      "name": "温度告警",
      "level": "warning",
      "data": {
        "temperature": "float",
        "threshold": "float"
      }
    }
  },
  "services": {
    "RemoteControl": {
      "identifier": "RemoteControl",
      "name": "远程控制",
      "input": {
        "command": {"type": "enum", "values": ["start", "stop"]}
      },
      "output": {
        "success": "bool",
        "message": "string"
      }
    }
  }
}

五、部署与运维

5.1 Docker容器化部署

复制代码 
# Dockerfile
FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/aspnet:8.0 AS base
WORKDIR /app
EXPOSE 8080

FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:8.0 AS build
WORKDIR /src
COPY ["PV.IoT.Gateway/PV.IoT.Gateway.csproj", "PV.IoT.Gateway/"]
RUN dotnet restore "PV.IoT.Gateway/PV.IoT.Gateway.csproj"
COPY . .
WORKDIR "/src/PV.IoT.Gateway"
RUN dotnet build -c Release -o /app/build

FROM build AS publish
RUN dotnet publish -c Release -o /app/publish

FROM base AS final
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=publish /app/publish .
ENTRYPOINT ["dotnet", "PV.IoT.Gateway.dll"]

# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'
services:
  pv-gateway:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "8080:8080"
    environment:
      - IOT_HUB_CONNECTION_STRING=${IOT_HUB_CONNECTION_STRING}
      - COLLECTION_INTERVAL_SECONDS=30
    volumes:
      - ./config:/app/config
    restart: unless-stopped
    
  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"
      
  timescaledb:
    image: timescale/timescaledb:latest-pg15
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres
    ports:
      - "5432:5432"
    volumes:
      - ts_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data

volumes:
  ts_data:

5.2 监控与告警

复制代码 
// 健康检查
public class GatewayHealthCheck : IHealthCheck
{
    private readonly IDeviceAdapter _adapter;
    
    public async Task<HealthCheckResult> CheckHealthAsync(HealthCheckContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        try
        {
            var model = await _adapter.ReadDataAsync();
            return HealthCheckResult.Healthy("设备连接正常", new { DeviceId = model.DeviceId });
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            return HealthCheckResult.Unhealthy("设备连接异常", ex);
        }
    }
}

// Prometheus指标导出
public class MetricsCollector
{
    private readonly Counter _dataCollectionCount;
    private readonly Histogram _dataCollectionDuration;
    private readonly Gauge _deviceConnectionStatus;
    
    public MetricsCollector()
    {
        _dataCollectionCount = Metrics.CreateCounter(
            "pv_data_collection_total", 
            "Total data collections");
            
        _dataCollectionDuration = Metrics.CreateHistogram(
            "pv_data_collection_duration_seconds",
            "Data collection duration");
            
        _deviceConnectionStatus = Metrics.CreateGauge(
            "pv_device_connection_status",
            "Device connection status (1=connected, 0=disconnected)");
    }
}

六、最佳实践与建议

6.1 性能优化

优化项 建议
连接池 复用Modbus TCP连接，避免频繁创建销毁
批量读取 合并连续寄存器地址，减少请求次数
异步处理 使用async/await避免阻塞
缓存策略 设备状态缓存到Redis，减少重复查询
数据压缩 遥测数据使用MessagePack压缩

6.2 安全建议

  1. 设备认证：使用X.509证书或SAS Token进行设备身份验证
  2. 传输加密：Modbus over TLS，MQTT over SSL
  3. 访问控制：基于角色的权限管理
  4. 数据脱敏：敏感信息加密存储
  5. 审计日志：记录所有操作日志

6.3 扩展性设计

复制代码 
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    插件化架构                            │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  核心框架  │  协议插件  │  物模型插件  │  存储插件      │
│  (Core)    │ (Protocol) │  (Model)     │  (Storage)     │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  动态加载  │  热更新    │  配置驱动    │  多后端支持    │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

七、总结与展望

本文详细介绍了基于.NET和C#构建光伏IoT物模型方案的完整实现，包括：

  1. 三层解耦架构：协议层、解析层、物模型层分离，便于维护和扩展
  2. 配置化适配器：支持多品牌逆变器快速接入，无需修改代码
  3. 标准化物模型：属性、事件、服务三大组件统一描述设备能力
  4. 云边协同：与Azure IoT Hub深度集成，实现设备管理与数据分析

未来发展方向

  • AI赋能：结合机器学习进行故障预测和发电功率预测
  • 数字孪生：构建光伏电站三维可视化模型
  • 边缘计算：在网关层实现数据预处理和实时分析
  • 5G集成：利用5G低时延特性实现更精准的控制

随着2026年光伏物联网行业持续发展，基于.NET的物模型方案将为光伏电站的智能化运维提供坚实的技术支撑。

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