web服务安装部署、性能升级等（Apache、Nginx）

归叶再无青2026-02-26 10:10

web服务

经典的web服务端：Apache

高性能web服务端：Nginx

  1. 安装部署：通过源码编译安装Nginx，配置环境依赖、编译参数，编写systemd启动文件实现服务自启；
  2. 版本管理：掌握Nginx平滑升级（替换二进制文件+信号控制）和版本回滚的操作，保障服务不中断；
  3. 性能优化：调整worker进程数、CPU绑定、连接数等参数，优化系统文件句柄限制，测试并发能力，配置长连接超时与请求次数；
  4. 核心配置 ：理解location不同匹配规则（无符号、=、^、、~*、正则），区分root与alias路径映射差异；
  5. 站点功能：实现访问用户认证、自定义错误页面/错误日志，搭建下载服务器并配置目录列表、下载控速、文件大小/时间显示优化及页面风格定制。 整体聚焦Nginx从安装到性能调优、功能定制的实操，核心是掌握配置逻辑与服务高可用运维。

Nginx的源码编译

1.下载软件
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# wget https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.28.1.tar.gz
2.解压
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# tar zxf nginx-1.28.1.tar.gz
[root@Nginx ~]# cd nginx-1.28.1/
[root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# ls
auto     CHANGES.ru          conf       contrib          html     man        SECURITY.md
CHANGES  CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md  configure  CONTRIBUTING.md  LICENSE  README.md  src
3.检测环境
bash 复制代码 
#安装依赖性
# 安装gcc的C语言编译器，才能源码安装，安装pcre2-devel，使其支持正则，等等
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module直接用这个检查，报错了就看看哪儿没装
[root@Nginx ~]# dnf install gcc openssl-devel.x86_64 pcre2-devel.x86_64 zlib-devel -y

[root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module
4.编译
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# make
[root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# make install
5.nginx启动
bash 复制代码 
#设定环境变量
[root@Nginx ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin 
[root@Nginx sbin]# vim  ~/.bash_profile
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/nginx/sbin

[root@Nginx sbin]# source   ~/.bash_profile
[root@Nginx logs]# useradd  -s /sbin/nologin -M nginx
[root@Nginx logs]# nginx   #80端口被占用会出现下面的报错，正常启动不会出现任何东西
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] still could not bind()

[root@Nginx logs]# systemctl stop httpd.service 
[root@Nginx logs]# nginx
[root@Nginx logs]# ps aux | grep nginx
root       44012  0.0  0.1  14688  2356 ?        Ss   17:01   0:00 nginx: master process nginx
nginx      44013  0.0  0.2  14888  3892 ?        S    17:01   0:00 nginx: worker process
root       44015  0.0  0.1   6636  2176 pts/0    S+   17:01   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx


#测试
[root@Nginx logs]# echo guaiguai > /usr/local/nginx/html/index.html

[root@Nginx logs]# curl  172.25.254.100
guaiguai
6.编写启动文件
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
[Unit]
Description=The NGINX HTTP and reverse proxy server
After=syslog.target network-online.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target
Wants=network-online.target

[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStartPre=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
ExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
ExecReload=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
ExecStop=/bin/kill -s QUIT $MAINPID
PrivateTmp=true

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

[root@Nginx ~]# systemctl daemon-reload

#验证
[root@Nginx ~]# systemctl status nginx.service
○ nginx.service - The NGINX HTTP and reverse proxy server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; disabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: inactive (dead)

[root@Nginx ~]# systemctl enable --now nginx
[root@Nginx ~]# ps aux | grep nginx
root        1839  0.0  0.1  14688  2356 ?        Ss   09:53   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx       1840  0.0  0.2  14888  3828 ?        S    09:53   0:00 nginx: worker process

[root@Nginx ~]# reboot
[root@Nginx ~]# systemctl status nginx.service

Nginx的平滑升级及回滚

一个24小时都在运行的服务器，升级时不可能对其关掉、删除旧的再下载新的，所以有了平滑升级

1.下载高版本的软件
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# wget https://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.29.4.tar.gz
2.对于新版本的软件进行源码编译并进行平滑升级
bash 复制代码 
#编译nginx隐藏版本
[root@Nginx ~]# tar zxf nginx-1.29.4.tar.gz
[root@Nginx ~]# cd nginx-1.29.4/src/core/
[root@Nginx core]# vim nginx.h
#define nginx_version      1029004
#define NGINX_VERSION      "wuhu"
#define NGINX_VER          "helloguai/" NGINX_VERSION
#文件编辑完成后进行源码编译即可

[root@Nginx core]# cd ../../
[root@Nginx nginx-1.29.4]# ./configure   --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module

[root@Nginx nginx-1.29.4]# make
# 编译完成后备份旧版本，启用新版本，回收旧版本的子进程
[root@Nginx nginx-1.29.4]# cd objs/
[root@Nginx objs]# ls     # 这里面的nginx是新的
autoconf.err  nginx    ngx_auto_config.h   ngx_modules.c  src
Makefile      nginx.8  ngx_auto_headers.h  ngx_modules.o


[root@Nginx objs]# cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin/
[root@Nginx sbin]# ls      # 这个nginx是老的
nginx             
[root@Nginx sbin]# cp -p nginx nginx.old     # 备份
[root@Nginx sbin]# \cp -f /root/nginx-1.29.4/objs/nginx  /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx   #直接(\cp)强制(-f)复制  \cp -f

[root@Nginx sbin]# ls /usr/local/nginx/logs/
access.log  error.log  nginx.pid


[root@Nginx sbin]# ps aux | grep nginx
root        1643  0.0  0.1  14688  2360 ?        Ss   09:55   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx       1644  0.0  0.2  14888  3896 ?        S    09:55   0:00 nginx: worker process

[root@Nginx sbin]# kill -USR2 1643   #nginx master进程id

[root@Nginx sbin]# ps aux | grep nginx
root        1643  0.0  0.1  14688  2744 ?        Ss   09:55   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx       1644  0.0  0.2  14888  3896 ?        S    09:55   0:00 nginx: worker process
root        4919  0.0  0.4  14716  7936 ?        S    10:24   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx       4921  0.0  0.2  14916  4156 ?        S    10:24   0:00 nginx: worker process
root        4923  0.0  0.1   6636  2176 pts/0    S+   10:25   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx

[root@Nginx sbin]# ls /usr/local/nginx/logs/
access.log  error.log  nginx.pid  nginx.pid.oldbin

#测试效果
[root@Nginx sbin]# nginx -V
nginx version: TIMINGLEE/
built by gcc 11.5.0 20240719 (Red Hat 11.5.0-5) (GCC)
built with OpenSSL 3.2.2 4 Jun 2024
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module


#回收旧版本子进程
[root@Nginx sbin]# ps aux | grep nginx
root        1643  0.0  0.1  14688  2744 ?        Ss   09:55   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx       1644  0.0  0.2  14888  3896 ?        S    09:55   0:00 nginx: worker process
root        4919  0.0  0.4  14716  7936 ?        S    10:24   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx       4921  0.0  0.2  14916  4156 ?        S    10:24   0:00 nginx: worker process
root        4929  0.0  0.1   6636  2176 pts/0    S+   10:27   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@Nginx sbin]# kill -WINCH 1643
[root@Nginx sbin]# ps aux | grep nginx
root        1643  0.0  0.1  14688  2744 ?        Ss   09:55   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
root        4919  0.0  0.4  14716  7936 ?        S    10:24   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx       4921  0.0  0.2  14916  4156 ?        S    10:24   0:00 nginx: worker process
root        4932  0.0  0.1   6636  2176 pts/0    S+   10:28   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx
3.版本回退|版本回滚
bash 复制代码 
#备份新版本，还原老版本
[root@Nginx sbin]# cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin/
[root@Nginx sbin]# cp nginx nginx.new -p
[root@Nginx sbin]# \cp nginx.old  nginx -pf
[root@Nginx sbin]# ps aux | grep nginx
root        1643  0.0  0.1  14688  2744 ?        Ss   09:55   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
root        4919  0.0  0.4  14716  7936 ?        S    10:24   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx       4921  0.0  0.2  14916  4156 ?        S    10:24   0:00 nginx: worker process

[root@Nginx sbin]# kill -HUP 1643
[root@Nginx sbin]# ps aux | grep nginx
root        1643  0.0  0.1  14688  2744 ?        Ss   09:55   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
root        4919  0.0  0.4  14716  7936 ?        S    10:24   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx       4921  0.0  0.2  14916  4156 ?        S    10:24   0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx       4963  0.0  0.2  14888  3896 ?        S    10:32   0:00 nginx: worker process
root        4965  0.0  0.1   6636  2176 pts/0    S+   10:32   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@Nginx sbin]# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.28.1
built by gcc 11.5.0 20240719 (Red Hat 11.5.0-5) (GCC)
built with OpenSSL 3.2.2 4 Jun 2024
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module

#回收新版本进程
[root@Nginx sbin]# kill -WINCH 4919
[root@Nginx sbin]# ps aux | grep nginx
root        1643  0.0  0.1  14688  2744 ?        Ss   09:55   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
root        4919  0.0  0.4  14716  7936 ?        S    10:24   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx       4963  0.0  0.2  14888  3896 ?        S    10:32   0:00 nginx: worker process
root        4969  0.0  0.1   6636  2176 pts/0    S+   10:34   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx

Nginx配置文件的管理及优化参数

bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
user  nginx;     # 指定子进程user参数
# 检测语法
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx  -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

[root@Nginx ~]# ps aux | grep nginx
root        5506  0.0  0.2  14564  3912 ?        Ss   14:40   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx       5511  0.0  0.2  14996  4032 ?        S    14:41   0:00 nginx: worker process
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
worker_processes  2;      # 设定子进程的个数
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@Nginx ~]# ps aux | grep nginx
root        5506  0.0  0.2  14796  4040 ?        Ss   14:40   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx       5516  0.0  0.2  15012  4048 ?        S    14:42   0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx       5517  0.0  0.2  15012  4048 ?        S    14:42   0:00 nginx: worker process


#在vmware中更改硬件cpu核心个数，然后重启

[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
worker_processes  auto;
worker_cpu_affinity 0001 0010 0100 1000;    # 每个worker绑定一个核心

[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@Nginx ~]# ps aux | grep nginx
root         887  0.0  0.1  14564  2212 ?        Ss   14:51   0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx        889  0.0  0.2  14964  3748 ?        S    14:51   0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx        890  0.0  0.2  14964  3748 ?        S    14:51   0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx        891  0.0  0.2  14964  3748 ?        S    14:51   0:00 nginx: worker process
nginx        892  0.0  0.2  14964  3748 ?        S    14:51   0:00 nginx: worker process


[root@Nginx ~]# ps axo pid,cmd,psr | grep nginx
    887 nginx: master process /usr/   3
   1635 nginx: worker process         0
   1636 nginx: worker process         1
   1637 nginx: worker process         2
   1638 nginx: worker process         3

参数优化：设置工作方式

bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
events {
    worker_connections  10000;
    use epoll;
    accept_mutex on;
    multi_accept on;
}

[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

#测试并发
[root@Nginx ~]# dnf install httpd-tools -y
[root@Nginx ~]# ab  -n 100000 -c5000 http://172.25.254.100/index.html
This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1913912 $>
Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/
Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/

Benchmarking 172.25.254.100 (be patient)
socket: Too many open files (24)				#并发数量过多导致访问失败


#处理本地文件系统的并发文件数量
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /etc/security/limits.conf
*               -       nofile          100000
*               -       noproc          100000
root			-		nofile			100000
# 
[root@Nginx ~]# sudo -u nginx ulimit -n
100000
[root@Nginx ~]# ulimit  -n 10000
100000

#测试
[root@Nginx ~]# ab  -n 100000 -c10000 http://172.25.254.100/index.html
This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1913912 $>
Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/
Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/

Benchmarking 172.25.254.100 (be patient)
Completed 10000 requests
Completed 20000 requests
Completed 30000 requests
Completed 40000 requests
Completed 50000 requests

Nginx下构建PC站点

1.location中的root
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx conf]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/
[root@Nginx conf]# mkdir  conf.d  
[root@Nginx conf]# vim nginx.conf
82     include "/usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/*.conf";

[root@Nginx conf]# nginx -s reload
[root@Nginx conf]# cd conf.d/

[root@Nginx ~]# mkdir  -p /webdata/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html
[root@Nginx ~]# echo guai.liaoxi.org > /webdata/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html/index.html

[root@Nginx conf.d]# vim vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    location / {
        root /webdata/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html;
    }
}

root@Nginx conf.d]# systemctl restart nginx.service

#测试
[root@Nginx conf.d]# vim /etc/hosts
172.25.254.100     Nginx www.liaoxi.org guai.liaoxi.org

[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  www.liaoxi.org
timinglee
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org
lee.timinglee.org


#local示例需要访问lee.timinglee.org/lee/目录
[root@Nginx conf.d]# vim vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    location / {
        root /webdata/nginx/timinglee.org/lee/html;
    }
    location /lee {			#lee标识location中的root值+location 后面指定的值代表目录的路径
        root /webdata/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html;
    }
    
}

[root@Nginx conf.d]# systemctl restart nginx.service
[root@Nginx conf.d]# mkdir  -p /webdata/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html/lee
[root@Nginx conf.d]# echo lee > /webdata/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html/lee/index.html
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/lee/
lee
2.location中的alias
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx conf.d]# vim vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;

    location /passwd {				#标识文件		
        alias /etc/passwd;
    }


    location /passwd/ {				#表示目录
        alias /mnt/;
    }

}

[root@Nginx conf.d]# nginx -s reload
[root@Nginx conf.d]# echo passwd > /mnt/index.html

#测试
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/passwd/
passwd
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

KeepAlived长链接优化

1.设定长链接时间
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
keepalive_timeout   5;
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

#测试
[root@Nginx ~]# dnf install telnet -y
[root@Nginx ~]# telnet www.liaoxi.org 80
Trying 172.25.254.100...
Connected to www.liaoxi.org.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1     <<<<
Host: www.liaoxi.org    <<<<
							<<<
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.28.1
Date: Sat, 31 Jan 2026 08:27:02 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 10
Last-Modified: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 09:02:15 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
ETag: "697b2217-a"
Accept-Ranges: bytes

guaiguai    #显示的页面出现后根据设定的长链接时间会等待，超过时间后会自动退出
Connection closed by foreign host.
2.设定长链接次数
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
keepalive_requests 3;
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

#测试
[root@Nginx ~]# telnet  www.liaoxi.org 80
Trying 172.25.254.100...
Connected to www.timinglee.org.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.liaoxi.org

HTTP/1.1 200 OK					#第一次
Server: nginx/1.28.1
Date: Sat, 31 Jan 2026 08:32:14 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 10
Last-Modified: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 09:02:15 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
Keep-Alive: timeout=100
ETag: "697b2217-a"
Accept-Ranges: bytes

guaiguai
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.liaoxi.org

HTTP/1.1 200 OK				#第二次
Server: nginx/1.28.1
Date: Sat, 31 Jan 2026 08:32:24 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 10
Last-Modified: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 09:02:15 GMT
Connection: keep-alive
Keep-Alive: timeout=100
ETag: "697b2217-a"
Accept-Ranges: bytes

guaiguai
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.liaoxi.org

HTTP/1.1 200 OK			#第三次
Server: nginx/1.28.1
Date: Sat, 31 Jan 2026 08:32:35 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 10
Last-Modified: Thu, 29 Jan 2026 09:02:15 GMT
Connection: close
ETag: "697b2217-a"
Accept-Ranges: bytes

guaiguai
Connection closed by foreign host.

Location 字符匹配详解

1.Location后什么都不带直接指定目录
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx conf.d]# vim vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    location /null {
        return 200 "/null-1";
    }
}

[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl guai.liaoxi.org/null/
/null-1

[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl guai.liaoxi.org/NULL/
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.28.1</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl guai.liaoxi.org/test/null
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.28.1</center>
</body>
</html>
2.location 后用 =
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx conf.d]# vim vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    location /null {
        return 200 "null-1";
    }

    location = /null {				#精确匹配到此结束
        return 200 "null-2";
    }

    location ~ /null {
        return 200 "null-3";
    }

}

[root@Nginx conf.d]# nginx -s reload
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl guai.liaoxi.org/null
null-2
3.location 后用"^~"
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx conf.d]# vim vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    location /null {
        return 200 "null-1";
    }

    location = /null {
        return 200 "null-2";
    }

    location ~ /null {
        return 200 "null-3";
    }

    location ^~ /lee {
        return 200 "lee";
    }

}
[root@Nginx conf.d]# nginx -s reload
lee
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/lee
lee
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/test/lee
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.28.1</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/lee/test
lee
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/aleea/test
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.28.1</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/leeab/test
lee
4.location 后用"~"
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx conf.d]# vim vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    location /null {
        return 200 "null-1";
    }

    location = /null {
        return 200 "null-2";
    }

    location ~ /null {
        return 200 "null-3";
    }

    location ^~ /lee {
        return 200 "lee";
    }

    location ~ /timing/ {
        return 200 "timing";
    }
}

[root@Nginx conf.d]# nginx -s reload

[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/timinga/
timing
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/timing/
timing
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/a/timing/
timing
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/a/timinga/
timing
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/a/atiming/
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.28.1</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/aTiminga/a/
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.28.1</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/Timinga/a/
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.28.1</center>
</body>
</html>
5.location 后用"~*"
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx conf.d]# vim vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    location /null {
        return 200 "null-1";
    }

    location = /null {
        return 200 "null-2";
    }

    location ~ /null {
        return 200 "null-3";
    }

    location ^~ /lee {
        return 200 "lee";
    }

    location ~ /timing/ {
        return 200 "timing";
    }
    
    location ~* /timinglee {
        return 200 "timinglee";
    }

}

[root@Nginx conf.d]# nginx -s reload

[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/Timinglee/
timinglee
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/timinglee/
timinglee
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/timinglee/a
timinglee
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/a/timinglee/a
timinglee
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/a/atiminglee/a
<html>
<head><title>404 Not Found</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>404 Not Found</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.28.1</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/a/timingleea/a
timinglee
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.org/a/Timinglee/a
timinglee
6.location 后用"\"
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx conf.d]# vim vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    location /null {
        return 200 "null-1";
    }

    location = /null {
        return 200 "null-2";
    }

    location ~ /null {
        return 200 "null-3";
    }

    location ^~ /lee {
        return 200 "lee";
    }

    location ~ /timing/ {
        return 200 "timing";
    }
    
    location ~* /timinglee {
        return 200 "timinglee";
    }

    location ~* \.(img|php|jsp)$ {
        return 200 "app";
    }

}

[root@Nginx conf.d]# nginx -s reload
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/test.php
app
[root@Nginx conf.d]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/test.jsp
app

服务访问的用户认证

bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# htpasswd  -cmb /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd admin  123
 Adding password for user admin
 
[root@Nginx html]# mkdir -p /usr/local/nginx/html/admin
[root@Nginx html]# echo admin > /usr/local/nginx/html/admin/index.html
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
     location /admin {
         root /usr/local/nginx/html;
         auth_basic "login passwd";
         auth_basic_user_file "/usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd";
     }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# systemctl restart nginx.service
 
 #测试：
 root@Nginx ~]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/admin/
 <html>
 <head><title>401 Authorization Required</title></head>
 <body>
 <center><h1>401 Authorization Required</h1></center>
 <hr><center>nginx/1.28.1</center>
 </body>
 </html>
 
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl  -uadmin:123 http://guai.liaoxi.org/admin/
 admin

自定义错误页面

bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# mkdir  /usr/local/nginx/errorpage
 [root@Nginx ~]# echo "太不巧了，你要访问的页面辞职了！！" > /usr/local/nginx/errorpage/errormessage
 [root@Nginx ~]# cat /usr/local/nginx/errorpage/errormessage
 太不巧了，你要访问的页面辞职了！！
 
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
     error_page 404 405 503 502 /error;
     location /lee {
         root /usr/local/nginx/html;
     }
 
     location /error {
         alias /usr/local/nginx/errorpage/errormessage;
     }
 }
 
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/lee/
 太不巧了，你要访问的页面辞职了！！

自定义错误日志

bash 复制代码 
     [root@Nginx ~]# mkdir  -p /usr/local/nginx/logs/liaoxi.org/
     [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
     server {
     listen 80;
     server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
     error_page 404 405 503 502 /error;
     error_log logs/liaoxi.org/guai.error error;
     location /lee {
         root /usr/local/nginx/html;
     }
 
     location /error {
         alias /usr/local/nginx/errorpage/errormessage;
     }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# systemctl restart nginx.service
 
 #测试
[root@Nginx ~]# cd  /usr/local/nginx/logs/liaoxi.org/
[root@Nginx liaoxi.org]# ls
guai.error
[root@Nginx liaoxi.org]# cat guai.error 
[root@Nginx liaoxi.org]# curl guai.liaoxi.org/guai/
太不巧了，你要访问的页面辞职了！！
[root@Nginx liaoxi.org]# cat guai.error 
2026/02/01 16:40:30 [error] 2559#0: *1 "/usr/local/nginx/html/guai/index.html" is not found (2: No such file or directory), client: 172.25.254.100, server: guai.liaoxi.org, request: "GET /guai/ HTTP/1.1", host: "guai.liaoxi.org"

Nginx中建立下载服务器

bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# mkdir  -p /usr/local/nginx/download
[root@Nginx ~]# cp /etc/passwd  /usr/local/nginx/download/
[root@Nginx ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/usr/local/nginx/download/bigfile bs=1M count=100
记录了100+0 的读入
记录了100+0 的写出
104857600字节（105 MB，100 MiB）已复制，0.152409 s，688 MB/s

[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    error_page 404 405 503 502 /error;
    error_log logs/liaoxi.org/guai.error error;
    location /lee {
        root /usr/local/nginx/html;
    }

    location /error {
        alias /usr/local/nginx/errorpage/errormessage;
    }


    location /download {
        root /usr/local/nginx;
    }
}
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

访问

1.启用列表功能
复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    error_page 404 405 503 502 /error;
    error_log logs/liaoxi.org/guai.error error;
    location /lee {
        root /usr/local/nginx/html;
    }

    location /error {
        alias /usr/local/nginx/errorpage/errormessage;
    }


    location /download {
        root /usr/local/nginx;
        autoindex on;
    }
}
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

访问效果

2.下载控速

默认下载不控速

bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# wget http://guai.liaoxi.org/download/bigfile   # 尝试下载
--2026-02-01 18:11:27--  http://guai.liaoxi.org/download/bigfile
正在解析主机 guai.liaoxi.org (guai.liaoxi.org)... 172.25.254.100
正在连接 guai.liaoxi.org (guai.liaoxi.org)|172.25.254.100|:80... 已连接。
已发出 HTTP 请求，正在等待回应... 200 OK
长度：104857600 (100M) [application/octet-stream]
正在保存至: "bigfile"

bigfile                              100%[====================================================================>] 100.00M  41.9MB/s  用时 2.4s    

2026-02-01 18:11:29 (232 MB/s) - 已保存 "bigfile" [104857600/104857600])

[root@Nginx ~]# rm -fr bigfile

# 控速
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    error_page 404 405 503 502 /error;
    error_log logs/liaoxi.org/guai.error error;
    location /lee {
        root /usr/local/nginx/html;
    }

    location /error {
        alias /usr/local/nginx/errorpage/errormessage;
    }


    location /download {
        root /usr/local/nginx;
        autoindex on;
        limit_rate 1024k;
    }
}
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

[root@Nginx ~]# wget http://guai.liaoxi.org/download/bigfile
--2026-02-01 18:12:47--  http://guai.liaoxi.org/download/bigfile
正在解析主机 guai.liaoxi.org (guai.liaoxi.org)... 172.25.254.100
正在连接 guai.liaoxi.org (guai.liaoxi.org)|172.25.254.100|:80... 已连接。
已发出 HTTP 请求，正在等待回应... 200 OK
长度：104857600 (100M) [application/octet-stream]
正在保存至: "bigfile"

bigfile                                5%[==>                                                                  ]   5.00M  1.01MB/s  剩余 94s     ^C
[root@Nginx ~]# rm -fr bigfile
3.显示文件大小优化
复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    error_page 404 405 503 502 /error;
    error_log logs/liaoxi.org/guai.error error;
    location /lee {
        root /usr/local/nginx/html;
    }

    location /error {
        alias /usr/local/nginx/errorpage/errormessage;
    }


    location /download {
        root /usr/local/nginx;
        autoindex on;
        limit_rate 1024k;
        autoindex_exact_size off;
    }
}
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

效果

bash 复制代码 
root@Nginx ~]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/download
<html>
<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.28.1</center>
</body>
</html>
[root@Nginx ~]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/download/
<html>
<head><title>Index of /download/</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Index of /download/</h1><hr><pre><a href="../">../</a>
<a href="bigfile">bigfile</a>                                            01-Feb-2026 03:28    100M
<a href="passwd">passwd</a>                                             01-Feb-2026 03:27    1294
</pre><hr></body>
</html>
4.时间显示调整
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    error_page 404 405 503 502 /error;
    error_log logs/liaoxi.org/guai.error error;
    location /lee {
        root /usr/local/nginx/html;
    }

    location /error {
        alias /usr/local/nginx/errorpage/errormessage;
    }


    location /download {
        root /usr/local/nginx;
        autoindex on;
        limit_rate 1024k;
        autoindex_exact_size off;
        autoindex_localtime on;
    }
}
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

效果：

5.设定页面风格
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
    error_page 404 405 503 502 /error;
    error_log logs/liaoxi.org/guai.error error;
    location /lee {
        root /usr/local/nginx/html;
    }

    location /error {
        alias /usr/local/nginx/errorpage/errormessage;
    }


    location /download {
        root /usr/local/nginx;
        autoindex on;
        limit_rate 1024k;
        autoindex_exact_size off;
        autoindex_localtime on;
        autoindex_format html | xml | json | jsonp;  # 可以选择其中一个，不能全写
    }
}
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

html

xml风格

json风格（键值对）

Nginx的文件检测

检测到文件不存在时，可以让你看到指点的其他页面内容

bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# echo default > /usr/local/nginx/errorpage/default.html
 [root@Nginx ~]# cat /usr/local/nginx/errorpage/default.html
 default
 
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name lee.timinglee.org;
     error_page 404 405 503 502 /error;
     error_log logs/timinglee.org/lee.error error;
     root /usr/local/nginx/errorpage;
     try_files $uri $uri.html $uri/index.html /default.html;
 }
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload
 
 #测试：
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/aaaaaaaaaa/
default
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl -v  guai.liaoxi.org/aaaaaaaaaa/
 *   Trying 172.25.254.100:80...
 * Connected to lee.timinglee.org (172.25.254.100) port 80 (#0)
 > GET /aaaaaaaaaa/ HTTP/1.1
 > Host: lee.timinglee.org
 > User-Agent: curl/7.76.1
 > Accept: */*
 >
 * Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
 < HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 < Server: nginx/1.28.1
 < Date: Sun, 01 Feb 2026 06:25:45 GMT
 < Content-Type: text/html
 < Content-Length: 8
 < Last-Modified: Sun, 01 Feb 2026 06:17:57 GMT
 < Connection: keep-alive
 < Keep-Alive: timeout=100
 < ETag: "697ef015-8"
 < Accept-Ranges: bytes
 <
 default
 * Connection #0 to host lee.timinglee.org left intact

Nginx的状态页

bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name lee.timinglee.org;
 
     location /nginx_status{
         stub_status;
         auth_basic "auth login";
         auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd;
         allow 172.25.254.0/24;
         deny all;
     }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

访问效果（admin 123）

Nginx的压缩功能

bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# mkdir  /usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html -p
 [root@Nginx ~]# echo  hello lee > /usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html/index.html
 [root@Nginx html]# cp /usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log /usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html/bigfile.txt
 
 
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
     gzip  on;
     gzip_comp_level 4;   # 压缩等级1-10，等级越大，压缩结果越小消耗cpu越大
     gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]\.";   # 设置遇到这些浏览器则不压缩
     gzip_min_length 1024k;       # 指定文件大于1024k才压缩
     gzip_buffers 32 1024k;
     gzip_types text/plain application/javascript application/x-javascript text/css application/xml text/javascript application/x-httpd-php image/gif image/png;    # 指定这些文件类型要压缩
     gzip_vary on;
     gzip_static on;    # 预压缩
     
     
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
     root /usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html;
     location /nginx_status{
         stub_status;
         auth_basic "auth login";
         auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd;
         allow 172.25.254.0/24;
         deny all;
     }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload
 
 
 #测试
 [root@Nginx html]# curl  --head --compressed  guai.liaoxi.org/bigfile.txt
 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 Server: nginx/1.28.1
 Date: Sun, 01 Feb 2026 07:32:10 GMT
 Content-Type: text/plain
 Last-Modified: Sun, 01 Feb 2026 07:29:53 GMT
 Connection: keep-alive
 Keep-Alive: timeout=100
 Vary: Accept-Encoding
 ETag: W/"697f00f1-2ca84bd"
 Content-Encoding: gzip
 
 [root@Nginx html]# curl  --head --compressed  guai.liaoxi.org/index.html
 HTTP/1.1 200 OK
 Server: nginx/1.28.1
 Date: Sun, 01 Feb 2026 07:32:19 GMT
 Content-Type: text/html
 Content-Length: 10
 Last-Modified: Sun, 01 Feb 2026 07:19:59 GMT
 Connection: keep-alive
 Keep-Alive: timeout=100
 ETag: "697efe9f-a"
 Accept-Ranges: bytes

Nginx 变量

1.升级Nginx支持echo
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# systemctl stop nginx.service
 [root@Nginx ~]# ps aux | grep nginx
 root        5193  0.0  0.1   6636  2176 pts/1    S+   16:08   0:00 grep --color=auto nginx
 
 # 上传文件
 [root@Nginx ~]# tar zxf echo-nginx-module-0.64.tar.gz
 [root@Nginx ~]# cd nginx-1.28.1/
 
 # 需要先清理一下以前的配置makefile，重新生成makefile，才生效
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# make clean
 rm -rf Makefile objs
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# ./configure  --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module  --add-module=/root/echo-nginx-module-0.64
 
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# make
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# rm -rf /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# cp objs/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/ -p
 
 #测试
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
     root /usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html;
     location /vars {
         default_type text/html;
         echo $remote_addr;
     }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# nginx -t
 nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
 nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
 
 
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# systemctl start nginx.service
2.理解内建变量
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
     root /usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html;
     location /vars {
         default_type text/html;
         echo $remote_addr;
     }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# nginx -s reload
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/vars/
 172.25.254.100   #谁访问的就显示谁的ip
 
 
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
     root /usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html;
     location /vars {
         default_type text/html;
         echo $args;
     }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# nginx -s reload
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# curl "http://guai.liaoxi.org/vars?key=xixi&id=11"
 key=xixi&id=11
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
     root /usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html;
     location /vars {
         default_type text/html;
         echo $args;
         echo $is_args;
     }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# nginx -s reload
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# curl "http://guai.liaoxi.org/vars?key=lee&id=11"
 172.25.254.100
 key=lee&id=11
 ?
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# curl "http://guai.liaoxi.org/vars"
 172.25.254.100
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
     root /usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html;
     location /vars {
         default_type text/html;
         echo $document_root;
     }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# nginx -s reload
 
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# curl "http://guai.liaoxi.org/vars?key=lee&id=11"
 /usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html
 
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf    
     listen 80;
     server_name guai.liaoxi.org;
     root /usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html;
     location /vars {
         default_type text/html;
         echo $remote_addr;
         echo $args;
         echo $is_args;
         echo $document_root;
         echo $document_uri;
         echo $host;
         echo $remote_port;
         echo $remote_user;
         echo $request_method;
         echo $request_filename;
         echo $request_uri;
         echo $scheme;
         echo $server_protocol;
         echo $server_addr;
         echo $server_name;
         echo $server_port;
         echo $http_user_agent;
         echo $cookie_key2;
         echo $http_user_agent;
         echo $sent_http_content_type;
     }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# nginx -s reload
 [root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# curl -b "key1=hello,key2=timinglee" -A "haha" -ulee:lee "http://guai.liaoxi.org/vars?key=lee&id=11"
 172.25.254.100
 key=lee&id=11
 ?
 /usr/local/nginx/timinglee.org/lee/html
 /vars
 lee.timinglee.org
 45156
 lee
 GET
 /usr/local/nginx/timinglee.org/lee/html/vars
 /vars?key=lee&id=11
 http
 HTTP/1.1
 172.25.254.100
 lee.timinglee.org
 80
 haha
 timinglee
 haha
 text/html
3.自定义变量
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    root /usr/local/nginx/timinglee.org/lee/html;
    location /vars {
        default_type text/html;
        echo $remote_addr;
        echo $args;
        echo $is_args;
        echo $document_root;
        echo $document_uri;
        echo $host;
        echo $remote_port;
        echo $remote_user;
        echo $request_method;
        echo $request_filename;
        echo $request_uri;
        echo $scheme;
        echo $server_protocol;
        echo $server_addr;
        echo $server_name;
        echo $server_port;
        echo $http_user_agent;
        echo $cookie_key2;
        echo $http_user_agent;
        echo $sent_http_content_type;
        set $test lee;					#手动设定变量值
     	echo $test;
        set $web_port $server_port;		#变量个传递
        echo $web_port;
    }
}

[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@Nginx ~]# curl  guai.liaoxi.org/vars/
172.25.254.100


/usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html
/vars/
guai.liaoxi.org
44952

GET
/usr/local/nginx/liaoxi.org/guai/html/vars/
/vars/
http
HTTP/1.1
172.25.254.100
guai.liaoxi.org
80
curl/7.76.1

curl/7.76.1
application/octet-stream
lee
80

网页重写、

nginx rewrite

1.网页重写中的指令
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# mkdir /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html -p
[root@Nginx ~]# echo hello guaigaui > /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html/index.html
bash 复制代码 
#if指令
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    root /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html;
    location /vars {
        echo $remote_user;
        echo $request_method;
        echo $request_filename;
        echo $request_uri;
        echo $scheme;
    }

    location / {
        if ( $http_user_agent ~* firefox ) {
            return 200 "test if messages";
        }
    }
}

[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@Nginx ~]# curl  lee.timinglee.org
lee page
[root@Nginx ~]# curl  -A "firefox" lee.timinglee.org
test if messages[root@Nginx ~]#
bash 复制代码 
#set指令
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    root /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html;
    location /vars {
        echo $remote_user;
        echo $request_method;
        echo $request_filename;
        echo $request_uri;
        echo $scheme;
    }

    location / {
        set $testname timinglee;
        echo $testname;
    }
}

[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

[root@Nginx ~]# curl  lee.timinglee.org
timinglee
bash 复制代码 
#return
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    root /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html;
    location /vars {
        echo $remote_user;
        echo $request_method;
        echo $request_filename;
        echo $request_uri;
        echo $scheme;
    }

    location / {
        return 200 "hello world";
    }
}
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@Nginx ~]# curl  lee.timinglee.org
hello world
bash 复制代码 
#break
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    root /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html;
    location /vars {
        echo $remote_user;
        echo $request_method;
        echo $request_filename;
        echo $request_uri;
        echo $scheme;
    }

    location / {
        set $test1 lee1;
        set $test2 lee2;
        if ($http_user_agent = firefox){
            break;
        }
        set $test3 lee3;
        echo $test1 $test2 $test3;
    }
}
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

[root@Nginx ~]# curl  lee.timinglee.org
lee1 lee2 lee3
[root@Nginx ~]# curl -A "firefox" lee.timinglee.org
lee1 lee2
2 flag
bash 复制代码 
#redirect;  # 来一次看一次这个，后面还有就再看  临时
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    root /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html;
    location /vars {
        echo $remote_user;
        echo $request_method;
        echo $request_filename;
        echo $request_uri;
        echo $scheme;
    }

    location / {
        rewrite / http://www.baidu.com redirect;
    }
}
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

[root@Nginx ~]# curl -I lee.timinglee.org
HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily			#定向方式返回值
Server: nginx/1.28.1
Date: Tue, 03 Feb 2026 02:43:47 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 145
Connection: keep-alive
Keep-Alive: timeout=100
Location: http://www.baidu.com			#定向效果
bash 复制代码 
#permanent  # 固定看这个 永久
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    root /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html;
    location /vars {
        echo $remote_user;
        echo $request_method;
        echo $request_filename;
        echo $request_uri;
        echo $scheme;
    }

    location / {
        rewrite / http://www.baidu.com permanent;
    }
}
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload


[root@Nginx ~]# curl  -I lee.timinglee.org
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: nginx/1.28.1
Date: Tue, 03 Feb 2026 02:45:38 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 169
Connection: keep-alive
Keep-Alive: timeout=100
Location: http://www.baidu.com
bash 复制代码 
#break 和 last
[root@Nginx ~]# mkdir  /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html/{break,last,test1,test2}
[root@Nginx ~]# echo break > /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html/break/index.html
[root@Nginx ~]# echo last > /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html/last/index.html
[root@Nginx ~]# echo test1 > /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html/test1/index.html
[root@Nginx ~]# echo test2 > /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html/test2/index.html

#break  （之后的都不生效）
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    root /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html;
    location /vars {
        echo $remote_user;
        echo $request_method;
        echo $request_filename;
        echo $request_uri;
        echo $scheme;
    }

    location /break {
        rewrite /break/(.*) /test1/$1 break;
        rewrite /test1 /test2;
    }
    location /test1 {
        return 200 "test1 end page";
    }
    location /test2 {
        return 200 "TEST2 END PAGE";
    }

}

root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@Nginx ~]# curl  -L lee.timinglee.org/break/index.html
test1


#last    （只有本location中，在last之后的不生效，但是后面的location中的配置还是会生效）
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    root /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html;
    location /vars {
        echo $remote_user;
        echo $request_method;
        echo $request_filename;
        echo $request_uri;
        echo $scheme;
    }

    location /break {
        rewrite /break/(.*) /test1/$1 last;
        rewrite /test1 /test2;
    }
    location /test1 {
        return 200 "test1 end page";
    }
    location /test2 {
        return 200 "TEST2 END PAGE";
    }

}

root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@Nginx ~]# curl  -L lee.timinglee.org/break/index.html
test1 end page

Nginx利用网页重写实现全站加密

1.制作key
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# mkdir /usr/local/nginx/certs
[root@Nginx ~]# openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes  -sha256  -keyout  /usr/local/nginx/certs/timinglee.org.key -x509 -days 365 -out /usr/local/nginx/certs/timinglee.org.crt
2.编辑加密配置文件
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 80;
     listen 443 ssl;
     ssl_certificate /usr/local/nginx/certs/timinglee.org.crt;
     ssl_certificate_key /usr/local/nginx/certs/timinglee.org.key;
     ssl_session_cache shared:sslcache:20m;
     ssl_session_timeout 10m;
     server_name lee.timinglee.org;
     root /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html;
     location / {
         if ($scheme = http ){
             rewrite /(.*) https://$host/$1 redirect;
         }
     }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# systemctl restart nginx.service
 
 #测试
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl  -I  http://lee.timinglee.org/test1/
 HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily
 Server: nginx/1.28.1
 Date: Tue, 03 Feb 2026 03:21:22 GMT
 Content-Type: text/html
 Content-Length: 145
 Connection: keep-alive
 Keep-Alive: timeout=100
 Location: https://lee.timinglee.org/test1/

防盗链

bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name lee.timinglee.org;
     root /webdir/timinglee.org/lee/html;
     location / {
         valid_referers none blocked server_names *.timinglee.org ~/.baidu/.;
         if ($invalid_referer){
             return 404;
         }
     }
     location /img {
         valid_referers none blocked server_names *.timinglee.org ~/.baidu/.;
         if ($invalid_referer){
             rewrite ^/ http://lee.timinglee.org/daolian/daolian.png;
         }
     }
 
 }
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

在测试时：

bash 复制代码 
 #另外的web服务器
 [root@RS1 ~]# vim /var/www/html/index.html
 <html>
 
   <head>
     <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
     <title>盗链</title>
 </head>
 
   <body>
     <img src="http://lee.timinglee.org/img/lee.png" >
     <h1 style="color:red">欢迎大家</h1>
     <p><a href=http://lee.timinglee.org>狂点老李</a>出门见喜</p>
   </body>
 
 </html>
 
 
 #在浏览器中访问看效果

Nginx反向代理

1.实验环境
bash 复制代码 
#172.25.254.10 RS1	172.25.254.20 RS2


[root@RSX ~]# dnf install httpd -y
[root@RSX ~]# systemctl enable --now httpd
[root@RSX ~]# echo 172.25.254.20 > /var/www/html/index.html


#测试 在Nginx主机中
[root@Nginx ~]# curl  172.25.254.10
172.25.254.10
[root@Nginx ~]# curl  172.25.254.20
172.25.254.20
2.简单的代理方法
bash 复制代码 
[root@RS2 ~]# mkdir  /var/www/html/web
[root@RS2 ~]# echo 172.25.254.20 web > /var/www/html/web/index.html


[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://172.25.254.10:80;
    }

    location /web {
        proxy_pass http://172.25.254.20:80;
    }

}


[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

#测试
[root@Nginx ~]# curl  172.25.254.20/web/
172.25.254.20 web
[root@Nginx ~]# curl  172.25.254.10
172.25.254.10
3.proxy_hide_header filed

隐藏信息，将不想让客户看到的信息隐藏

bash 复制代码 
# 默认情况下：
[Administrator.DESKTOP-VJ307M3] ➤ curl -v lee.timinglee.org
*   Trying 172.25.254.100:80...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to lee.timinglee.org (172.25.254.100) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: lee.timinglee.org
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.0
> Accept: */*
>
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Server: nginx/1.28.1
< Date: Tue, 03 Feb 2026 06:31:03 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
< Content-Length: 14
< Connection: keep-alive
< Keep-Alive: timeout=100
< Last-Modified: Tue, 03 Feb 2026 06:20:50 GMT
< ETag: "e-649e570e8a49f"					#可以看到ETAG信息
< Accept-Ranges: bytes
<
172.25.254.10
* Connection #0 to host lee.timinglee.org left intact

[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://172.25.254.10:80;
        proxy_hide_header ETag;
    }

    location /web {
        proxy_pass http://172.25.254.20:80;
    }

}
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

#测试
[Administrator.DESKTOP-VJ307M3] ➤ curl -v lee.timinglee.org
*   Trying 172.25.254.100:80...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to lee.timinglee.org (172.25.254.100) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: lee.timinglee.org
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.0
> Accept: */*
>
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Server: nginx/1.28.1
< Date: Tue, 03 Feb 2026 06:33:11 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
< Content-Length: 14
< Connection: keep-alive
< Keep-Alive: timeout=100
< Last-Modified: Tue, 03 Feb 2026 06:20:50 GMT
< Accept-Ranges: bytes
<
172.25.254.10
4.proxy_pass_header

透传

bash 复制代码 
[Administrator.DESKTOP-VJ307M3] ➤ curl -v lee.timinglee.org
*   Trying 172.25.254.100:80...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to lee.timinglee.org (172.25.254.100) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: lee.timinglee.org
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.0
> Accept: */*
>
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Server: nginx/1.28.1						#默认访问不透传server信息
< Date: Tue, 03 Feb 2026 06:35:35 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
< Content-Length: 14
< Connection: keep-alive
< Keep-Alive: timeout=100
< Last-Modified: Tue, 03 Feb 2026 06:20:50 GMT
< Accept-Ranges: bytes
<
172.25.254.10
* Connection #0 to host lee.timinglee.org left intact

[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://172.25.254.10:80;
        proxy_pass_header Server;
    }

    location /web {
        proxy_pass http://172.25.254.20:80;
    }

}

[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload
Administrator.DESKTOP-VJ307M3] ➤ curl -v lee.timinglee.org
*   Trying 172.25.254.100:80...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to lee.timinglee.org (172.25.254.100) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: lee.timinglee.org
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.0
> Accept: */*
>
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Date: Tue, 03 Feb 2026 06:37:25 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
< Content-Length: 14
< Connection: keep-alive
< Keep-Alive: timeout=100
< Server: Apache/2.4.62 (Red Hat Enterprise Linux)			#透传结果
< Last-Modified: Tue, 03 Feb 2026 06:20:50 GMT
< Accept-Ranges: bytes
<
172.25.254.10
* Connection #0 to host lee.timinglee.org left intact
4.透传信息
bash 复制代码 
[root@RS1 ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
    LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" \"%{X-Forwarded-For}i\"" combined


[root@RS1 ~]# systemctl restart httpd

[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name lee.timinglee.org;
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://172.25.254.10:80;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;

    }

    location /web {
        proxy_pass http://172.25.254.20:80;
    }

[root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

[Administrator.DESKTOP-VJ307M3] ➤ curl  lee.timinglee.org
172.25.254.10


[root@RS1 ~]# cat /etc/httpd/logs/access_log
172.25.254.100 - - [03/Feb/2026:14:47:37 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 14 "-" "curl/7.65.0" "172.25.254.1"

利用反向代理实现动静分离

1.试验机环境
bash 复制代码 
 #在10中，做动
 [root@RS1 ~]# dnf install php -y
 [root@RS1 ~]# systemctl restart httpd
 
 [root@RS1 ~]# vim /var/www/html/index.php
 <?php
     echo "<h2>172.25.254.10</h2>";
     phpinfo();
 ?>
2.动静分离的实现
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name lee.timinglee.org;
     location / {
         proxy_pass http://172.25.254.20:80;
 
     }
 
     location ~* \.(php|js)$ {
         proxy_pass http://172.25.254.10:80;
     }
 
 }
 [root@Nginx ~]# nginx -s reload

测试：

缓存加速

1.当未启用缓存时进行压测
bash 复制代码 
 [Administrator.DESKTOP-VJ307M3] ➤ ab -n 10000 -c 50 lee.timinglee.org/index.php
 This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1807734 $>
 Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/
 Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/
 
 Benchmarking lee.timinglee.org (be patient)
 Completed 1000 requests
 Completed 2000 requests
 Completed 3000 requests
 Completed 4000 requests
 Completed 5000 requests
 Completed 6000 requests
 Completed 7000 requests
 Completed 8000 requests
 Completed 9000 requests
 Completed 10000 requests
 Finished 10000 requests
 
 
 Server Software:        nginx/1.28.1
 Server Hostname:        lee.timinglee.org
 Server Port:            80
 
 Document Path:          /index.php
 Document Length:        72921 bytes
 
 Concurrency Level:      50
 Time taken for tests:   13.678 seconds
 Complete requests:      10000
 Failed requests:        9963                #失败的
    (Connect: 0, Receive: 0, Length: 9963, Exceptions: 0)
 Total transferred:      731097819 bytes
 HTML transferred:       729237819 bytes
 Requests per second:    731.10 [#/sec] (mean)
 Time per request:       68.390 [ms] (mean)
 Time per request:       1.368 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
 Transfer rate:          52197.72 [Kbytes/sec] received
 
 Connection Times (ms)
               min  mean[+/-sd] median   max
 Connect:        0    7   4.0      6      26
 Processing:     4   61 168.8     44    3405
 Waiting:        2   38 129.9     26    3316
 Total:          5   68 168.7     51    3405
 
 Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
   50%     51
   66%     61
   75%     68
   80%     71
   90%     83
   95%     92
   98%    105
   99%    506
  100%   3405 (longest request)
2.设定缓存加速
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
 proxy_cache_path /usr/local/nginx/proxy_cache levels=1:2:2 keys_zone=proxycache:20m inactive=120s max_size=1g;
 
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name lee.timinglee.org;
     location / {
         proxy_pass http://172.25.254.20:80;
 
     }
 
     location ~* \.(php|js)$ {
         proxy_pass http://172.25.254.10:80;
         proxy_cache proxycache;
         proxy_cache_key $request_uri;
         proxy_cache_valid 200 302 301 10m;
         proxy_cache_valid any 1m;
     }
 
 }
 
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# systemctl restart nginx.service
 [root@Nginx ~]# tree  /usr/local/nginx/proxy_cache/
 /usr/local/nginx/proxy_cache/
 
 0 directories, 0 files
 
 #测试
 [Administrator.DESKTOP-VJ307M3] ➤ ab -n 10000 -c 50 lee.timinglee.org/index.php
 This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1807734 $>
 Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/
 Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/
 
 Benchmarking lee.timinglee.org (be patient)
 Completed 1000 requests
 Completed 2000 requests
 Completed 3000 requests
 Completed 4000 requests
 Completed 5000 requests
 Completed 6000 requests
 Completed 7000 requests
 Completed 8000 requests
 Completed 9000 requests
 Completed 10000 requests
 Finished 10000 requests
 
 
 Server Software:        nginx/1.28.1
 Server Hostname:        lee.timinglee.org
 Server Port:            80
 
 Document Path:          /index.php
 Document Length:        72925 bytes
 
 Concurrency Level:      50
 Time taken for tests:   4.365 seconds
 Complete requests:      10000
 Failed requests:        0             # 失败为零
 Total transferred:      731110000 bytes
 HTML transferred:       729250000 bytes
 Requests per second:    2290.76 [#/sec] (mean)
 Time per request:       21.827 [ms] (mean)
 Time per request:       0.437 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
 Transfer rate:          163554.31 [Kbytes/sec] received
 
 Connection Times (ms)
               min  mean[+/-sd] median   max
 Connect:        0    4   1.8      4      11
 Processing:     4   18  31.3     15     734
 Waiting:        1    9  30.7      5     726
 Total:          6   22  31.2     20     734
 
 Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
   50%     20
   66%     21
   75%     21
   80%     22
   90%     27
   95%     32
   98%     41
   99%     46
  100%    734 (longest request)
             
             
 [root@Nginx ~]# tree  /usr/local/nginx/proxy_cache/
 /usr/local/nginx/proxy_cache/
 └── 1
     └── af
         └── 15
             └── e251273eb74a8ee3f661a7af00915af1
 
 3 directories, 1 file

反向代理负载均衡

1.实验环境
bash 复制代码 
 172.25.254.100  #Nginx 代理服务器
 172.25.254.10  #后端web A，Apache部署
 172.25.254.20  #后端web B，Apache部署
2.实现负载均衡
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# mkdir  /usr/local/nginx/conf/upstream/
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
 events {
     worker_connections  10000;
     use epoll;
     accept_mutex on;
     multi_accept on;
 }
 
 http {
     include       mime.types;
     default_type  application/octet-stream;
     include "/usr/local/nginx/conf/upstream/*.conf";        #子配置目录
 
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/upstream/loadbalance.conf
 upstream webserver {
     server 172.25.254.10:80 weight=1 fail_timeout=15s max_fails=3;
     server 172.25.254.20:80 weight=1 fail_timeout=15s max_fails=3;
     server 172.25.254.100:8888 backup;
 
 }
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name www.timinglee.org;
 
     location ~ / {
         proxy_pass http://webserver;
     }
 }
 
 
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# mkdir  /webdir/timinglee.org/error/html -p
 [root@Nginx ~]# echo error > /webdir/timinglee.org/error/html/index.html
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/vhosts.conf
 server {
     listen 8888;
     root /webdir/timinglee.org/error/html;
 }
 
 
 #测试：
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl www.timinglee.org
 172.25.254.10
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl www.timinglee.org
 172.25.254.20
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl www.timinglee.org
 172.25.254.10
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl www.timinglee.org
 172.25.254.20
 
 [root@RS1+2 ~]# systemctl stop httpd
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl www.timinglee.org
 error

Nginx负载均衡算法

bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/upstream/loadbalance.conf
 upstream webserver {
     #ip_hash;   #基于ip进行hash
     #hash $request_uri consistent;    #基于请求进行哈希
     #least_conn;
     hash $cookie_lee;    #基于cookie值进行哈希
     server 172.25.254.10:80 weight=1 fail_timeout=15s max_fails=3;
     server 172.25.254.20:80 weight=1 fail_timeout=15s max_fails=3;
     #server 172.25.254.100:8888 backup;
 
 }
 server {
     listen 80;
     server_name www.timinglee.org;
 
     location ~ / {
         proxy_pass http://webserver;
     }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl  -b lee=20 www.timinglee.org
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl   www.timinglee.org/web1/index.html
 [root@Nginx ~]# curl   www.timinglee.org/

PHP的源码编译

1.下载源码包
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# wget https://www.php.net/distributions/php-8.3.30.tar.gz
 [root@Nginx ~]# wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rockylinux/9.7/devel/x86_64/os/Packages/o/oniguruma-devel-6.9.6-1.el9.6.x86_64.rpm     #依赖
 [root@Nginx ~]# rpm -ivh --replacefiles oniguruma-6.9.6-1.el9.6.x86_64.rpm oniguruma-devel-6.9.6-1.el9.6.x86_64.rpm
2.解压
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# tar zxf php-8.3.30.tar.gz
 [root@Nginx ~]# ls
 anaconda-ks.cfg                lee.png              nginx-1.29.4.tar.gz  test.c
 daolian.png                    nginx-1.28.1         php-8.3.30
 echo-nginx-module-0.64         nginx-1.28.1.tar.gz  php-8.3.30.tar.gz
 echo-nginx-module-0.64.tar.gz  nginx-1.29.4         test
 [root@Nginx ~]# cd php-8.3.30
3.源码编译
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# dnf install gcc systemd-devel.x86_64 libxml2-devel.x86_64 sqlite-devel.x86_64  libcurl-devel.x86_64  libpng-devel.x86_64 -y
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# cd php-8.3.30/
 [root@Nginx php-8.3.30]# ./configure \
 --prefix=/usr/local/php \       #安装路径
 --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php/etc \    #指定配置路径
 --enable-fpm  \         #用cgi方式启动程序
 --with-fpm-user=nginx \ #指定运行用户身份
 --with-fpm-group=nginx \
 --with-curl \           #打开curl浏览器支持
 --with-iconv \          #启用iconv函数，转换字符编码
 --with-mhash \          #mhash加密方式扩展库
 --with-zlib \           #支持zlib库，用于压缩http压缩传输
 --with-openssl \        #支持ssl加密
 --enable-mysqlnd \      #mysql数据库
 --with-mysqli \         
 --with-pdo-mysql \
 --disable-debug \       #关闭debug功能
 --enable-sockets \      #支持套接字访问
 --enable-soap \         #支持soap扩展协议
 --enable-xml \          #支持xml
 --enable-ftp \          #支持ftp
 --enable-gd \           #支持gd库
 --enable-exif \         #支持图片元数据
 --enable-mbstring \     #支持多字节字符串   
 --enable-bcmath \       #打开图片大小调整,用到zabbix监控的时候用到了这个模块
 --with-fpm-systemd      #支持systemctl 管理cgi
 
 [root@Nginx php-8.3.30]# make && make instsall
4.配置PHP
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx php-8.3.30]# cd /usr/local/php/etc
 [root@Nginx etc]# cp -p php-fpm.conf.default  php-fpm.conf
 
 [root@Nginx etc]# vim php-fpm.conf
 [global]
 ; Pid file
 ; Note: the default prefix is /usr/local/php/var
 ; Default Value: none
 pid = run/php-fpm.pid  #打开这个
 
 
 [root@Nginx etc]# cd php-fpm.d/
 [root@Nginx php-fpm.d]# cp www.conf.default www.conf
 [root@Nginx php-fpm.d]# vim www.conf
 41 listen = 0.0.0.0:9000
 
 [root@Nginx php-fpm.d]# cp /root/php-8.3.30/php.ini-production  /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini
 
 [root@Nginx php-fpm.d]# vim /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini
 989 date.timezone = Asia/Shangha
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# cp /root/php-8.3.30/sapi/fpm/php-fpm.service /lib/systemd/system/
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /lib/systemd/system/php-fpm.service
 # Mounts the /usr, /boot, and /etc directories read-only for processes invoked by this unit.
 #ProtectSystem=full     #注释此参数
 [root@Nginx ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
 [root@Nginx ~]# systemctl enable --now php-fpm
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# netstat -antlupe | grep php
 tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:9000            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      0          329917     165562/php-fpm: mas
Nginx整合PHP
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx conf.d]# mkdir  /webdir/timinglee.org/php/html -p
 [root@Nginx conf.d]# vim /webdir/timinglee.org/php/html/index.html
 php.timinglee.org
 
 [root@Nginx conf.d]# vim /webdir/timinglee.org/php/html/index.php
 <?php
   phpinfo();
 ?>
 
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/
 [root@Nginx conf.d]# vim php.conf
 server {
   listen 80;
   server_name php.timinglee.org;
   root /webdir/timinglee.org/php/html;
   location ~ \.php$ {
     fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
     fastcgi_index index.php;
     include fastcgi.conf;
   }
 }
 
 [root@Nginx conf.d]# nginx -s reload
 
 #测试
 http://php.timinglee.org
 
 http://php.timinglee.org/index.php
5.为php设定环境变量
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim ~/.bash_profile
 export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/nginx/sbin:/usr/local/php/sbin:/usr/local/php/bin
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# source   ~/.bash_profile
 [root@Nginx ~]# php -m

利用memcache实现php的缓存加速

memcache(php服务器的内存)

1.安装memcache
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# dnf install memcached.x86_64 -y
2.配置memcache
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/memcached
 PORT="11211"
 USER="memcached"
 MAXCONN="1024"
 CACHESIZE="64"
 OPTIONS="-l 0.0.0.0,::1"
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# systemctl enable --now memcached.service
 
 [root@Nginx ~]# netstat -antlupe | grep memcache
 tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:11211           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      991        437305     166169/memcached
 tcp6       0      0 ::1:11211               :::*                    LISTEN      991        437306     166169/memcached
3.升级php对于memcache的支持
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# php -m	#查看php支持的插件没有memcache，默认不支持

[root@Nginx ~]# tar zxf memcache-8.2.tgz
[root@Nginx ~]# cd memcache-8.2/
[root@Nginx memcache-8.2]# dnf install autoconf -y
[root@Nginx memcache-8.2]# phpize
[root@Nginx memcache-8.2]# ./configure  && make && make install

[root@Nginx memcache-8.2]# ls /usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20230831/
memcache.so  opcache.so

[root@Nginx memcache-8.2]# vim /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini
939  extension=memcache

[root@Nginx memcache-8.2]# systemctl restart php-fpm.service
[root@Nginx memcache-8.2]# php -m  | grep memcache
memcache
4.测试性能
bash 复制代码 
 [root@Nginx memcache-8.2]# vim memcache.php
 define('ADMIN_USERNAME','admin');   // Admin Username
 define('ADMIN_PASSWORD','123');     // Admin Password
 $MEMCACHE_SERVERS[] = '172.25.254.100:11211'; // add more as an array
 #$MEMCACHE_SERVERS[] = 'mymemcache-server2:11211'; // add more as an array
 
 [root@Nginx memcache-8.2]# cp -p memcache.php  /webdir/timinglee.org/php/html/
 [root@Nginx memcache-8.2]# cp -p example.php /webdir/timinglee.org/php/html/
 
 #测试
 http://php.timinglee.org/memcache.php           #数据页面，在浏览器中可以直接访问
 [root@Nginx memcache-8.2]# ab -n 1000 -c 300  php.timinglee.org/example.php

nginx+memcache实现高速缓存解

1.重新编译nginx
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# systemctl stop nginx.service
[root@Nginx ~]# cp /usr/local/nginx/conf/    /mnt/ -r
[root@Nginx ~]# rm -fr /usr/local/nginx/

[root@Nginx ~]# rm -rf nginx-1.29.4 nginx-1.28.1

[root@Nginx ~]# tar zxf nginx-1.28.1.tar.gz

# 上传这两个包，解压
[root@Nginx ~]# tar zxf srcache-nginx-module-0.33.tar.gz
[root@Nginx ~]# tar zxf memc-nginx-module-0.20.tar.gz

[root@Nginx ~]# cd nginx-1.28.1/
[root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# ./configure  --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-pcre --with-stream --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_realip_module --add-module=/root/echo-nginx-module-0.64  --add-module=/root/memc-nginx-module-0.20 --add-module=/root/srcache-nginx-module-0.33
[root@Nginx nginx-1.28.1]# make && make install

[root@Nginx ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf
[root@Nginx conf]# rm -fr nginx.conf
[root@Nginx conf]# cp /mnt/conf/nginx.conf /mnt/conf/conf.d/ . -r
[root@Nginx conf]# systemctl start nginx.service
2.整合memcache
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx conf]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/conf.d/php.conf
upstream memcache {
   server 127.0.0.1:11211;
   keepalive 512;
}
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name php.timinglee.org;
    root /webdir/timinglee.org/php/html;
    index index.php index.html;

    location /memc {
        internal;
        memc_connect_timeout 100ms;
        memc_send_timeout 100ms;
        memc_read_timeout 100ms;
        set $memc_key $query_string;
        set $memc_exptime 300;
        memc_pass memcache;
    }
    location ~ \.php$ {
        set $key $uri$args;
        srcache_fetch GET /memc $key;
        srcache_store PUT /memc $key;
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        include fastcgi.conf;
  }
}

[root@Nginx conf]# nginx  -s reload
#测试
[root@Nginx conf]# ab -n 10000 -c500 http://php.timinglee.org/example.php

Nginx的四层负载均衡代理

1.实验环境（Mysql）
bash 复制代码 
[root@RS1 ~]# dnf install mariadb-server -y
[root@RS2 ~]# dnf install mariadb-server -y

[root@RS1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf
server-id=10

[root@RS2 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf
server-id=20
[root@RS1 ~]# systemctl enable --now mariadb
[root@RS2 ~]# systemctl enable --now mariadb

[root@RS1 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 3
Server version: 10.5.27-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE USER lee@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'lee';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO lee@'%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]>

[root@RS2 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 3
Server version: 10.5.27-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]>  CREATE USER lee@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'lee';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO lee@'%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)
2.实验环境（dns）
bash 复制代码 
[root@RS1 ~]# dnf install bind -y
[root@RS2 ~]# dnf install bind -y

[root@RS1 ~]# vim /etc/named.conf
[root@RS2 ~]# vim /etc/named.conf
options {
//      listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; };
//      listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
        directory       "/var/named";
        dump-file       "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
        statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
        memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
        secroots-file   "/var/named/data/named.secroots";
        recursing-file  "/var/named/data/named.recursing";
//      allow-query     { localhost; };
 
 		dnssec-validation no;

[root@RS1 ~]# vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones
[root@RS2 ~]# vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones

zone "timinglee.org" IN {
        type master;
        file "timinglee.org.zone";
        allow-update { none; };
};

[root@RS1+2 ~]# cd /var/named/
[root@RS1+2 named]# cp -p named.localhost  timinglee.org.zone


[root@RS1 named]# vim timinglee.org.zone
$TTL 1D
@       IN SOA  dns.timingle.org. rname.invalid. (
                                        0       ; serial
                                        1D      ; refresh
                                        1H      ; retry
                                        1W      ; expire
                                        3H )    ; minimum
        NS      dns.timinglee.org.
dns     A       172.25.254.10

[root@RS2 named]# vim timinglee.org.zone
$TTL 1D
@       IN SOA  dns.timingle.org. rname.invalid. (
                                        0       ; serial
                                        1D      ; refresh
                                        1H      ; retry
                                        1W      ; expire
                                        3H )    ; minimum
        NS      dns.timinglee.org.
dns     A       172.25.254.20


[root@RS2 named]# systemctl enable --now named

#测试
[root@RS1 named]# dig dns.timinglee.org @172.25.254.10

; <<>> DiG 9.16.23-RH <<>> dns.timinglee.org @172.25.254.10
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 24486
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232
; COOKIE: 4bb88849cac36aa4010000006982fef4676bf81574ab80b7 (good)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;dns.timinglee.org.             IN      A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
dns.timinglee.org.      86400   IN      A       172.25.254.10

;; Query time: 3 msec
;; SERVER: 172.25.254.10#53(172.25.254.10)
;; WHEN: Wed Feb 04 16:10:28 CST 2026
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 90

[root@RS1 named]# dig dns.timinglee.org @172.25.254.20

; <<>> DiG 9.16.23-RH <<>> dns.timinglee.org @172.25.254.20
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 42456
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232
; COOKIE: 7c088d4822b8f1c1010000006982fef9047f3812bdaf7c0e (good)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;dns.timinglee.org.             IN      A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
dns.timinglee.org.      86400   IN      A       172.25.254.20

;; Query time: 1 msec
;; SERVER: 172.25.254.20#53(172.25.254.20)
;; WHEN: Wed Feb 04 16:10:33 CST 2026
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 90
3.tcp四层负载
bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx conf]# mkdir  /usr/local/nginx/conf/tcp -p
[root@Nginx conf]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
include "/usr/local/nginx/conf/tcp/*.conf";

[root@Nginx conf]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/tcp/mariadb.conf
stream {
  upstream mysql_server {
    server 172.25.254.10:3306  max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
    server 172.25.254.20:3306  max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
  }

  server {
    listen 172.25.254.100:3306;
    proxy_pass mysql_server;
    proxy_connect_timeout 30s;
    proxy_timeout 300s;
  }

}
[root@Nginx conf]# nginx  -s reload

#检测
[root@Nginx ~]# mysql -ulee -plee -h172.25.254.100
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 4
Server version: 10.5.27-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> SELECT @@server_id;
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
|          10 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> quit
Bye
[root@Nginx ~]# mysql -ulee -plee -h172.25.254.100
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 4
Server version: 10.5.27-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> SELECT @@server_id;
+-------------+
| @@server_id |
+-------------+
|          20 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.001 sec)
4.udp四层负载

udp和tcp必须为同一个配置文件

bash 复制代码 
[root@Nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/tcp/mariadb.conf
stream {
  upstream mysql_server {
    server 172.25.254.10:3306  max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
    server 172.25.254.20:3306  max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
  }

  upstream dns_server{
    server 172.25.254.10:53 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
    server 172.25.254.20:53 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
  }

  server {
    listen 172.25.254.100:3306;
    proxy_pass mysql_server;
    proxy_connect_timeout 30s;
    proxy_timeout 300s;
  }

  server {
        listen 172.25.254.100:53 udp;
        proxy_pass dns_server;
        proxy_timeout 1s;
        proxy_responses 1;
        error_log logs/dns.log;
    }
}
[root@Nginx ~]# nginx  -s reload


#测试

[root@Nginx ~]# dig dns.timinglee.org @172.25.254.100

; <<>> DiG 9.16.23-RH <<>> dns.timinglee.org @172.25.254.100
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 32224
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232
; COOKIE: 9ac742ccc566d4450100000069830452db8dce1f1b224c9f (good)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;dns.timinglee.org.             IN      A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
dns.timinglee.org.      86400   IN      A       172.25.254.10

;; Query time: 2 msec
;; SERVER: 172.25.254.100#53(172.25.254.100)
;; WHEN: Wed Feb 04 16:33:22 CST 2026
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 90

[root@Nginx ~]# dig dns.timinglee.org @172.25.254.100

; <<>> DiG 9.16.23-RH <<>> dns.timinglee.org @172.25.254.100
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 2259
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232
; COOKIE: 7f9ffa4884c0b685010000006983045565fd892fc72c5514 (good)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;dns.timinglee.org.             IN      A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
dns.timinglee.org.      86400   IN      A       172.25.254.20

;; Query time: 2 msec
;; SERVER: 172.25.254.100#53(172.25.254.100)
;; WHEN: Wed Feb 04 16:33:25 CST 2026
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 90

编译安装 openresty

bash 复制代码 
[root@webserver ~]# wget https://openresty.org/download/openresty-1.27.1.2.tar.gz
[root@webserver ~]# dnf -yq install gcc pcre-devel openssl-devel perl zlib-devel
[root@webserver ~]# useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin nginx
[root@webserver ~]# tar zxf openresty-1.27.1.2.tar.gz
[root@webserver ~]#  cd openresty-1.27.1.2/
[root@webserver openresty-1.17.8.2]#./configure \
 --prefix=/usr/local/openresty \
 --user=nginx --group=nginx \
 --with-http_ssl_module \
 --with-http_v2_module \
 --with-http_stub_status_module \
 --with-http_gzip_static_module \
 --with-pcre --with-stream \
 --with-stream_ssl_module \
 --with-stream_realip_module
 
 [root@webserver openresty-1.27.1.2]# gmake && gmake install
 [root@webserver openresty-1.27.1.2]# cd 
 
 [root@webserver ~]# cd /usr/local/openresty/
 [root@webserver openresty]# ls
bin  COPYRIGHT  luajit  lualib  nginx  pod  resty.index  site
 [root@webserver openresty]# vim ~/.bash_profile
 export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/openresty/bin
 
 [root@webserver openresty]# source  ~/.bash_profile
 
 
 [root@Nginx openresty-1.17.8.2]#openresty -v
 nginx version: openresty/1.17.8.2
 
 [root@Nginx openresty-1.17.8.2]#openresty   # 启动
 
 [root@Nginx openresty-1.17.8.2]#ps -ef |grep nginx
 root       51031    1912  0 14:03 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
 [root@webserver openresty]# echo hello test > /usr/local/openresty/nginx/html/index.html
 [root@webserver openresty]# curl  172.25.254.200
 hello test
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