Spring 事务管理三种实现方式

一、前言

在上一篇博客中，我们学习了 Spring JdbcTemplate 实现转账操作。但是：如果转账过程中程序报错，钱会只扣不加，造成数据错误！

所以必须使用 Spring 事务管理 ，保证转账要么全部成功，要么全部失败。本文讲解 Spring 事务 3 种配置方式，基于转账案例，通俗易懂，适合新手学习。

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二、事务核心 API

Spring 事务管理的核心接口：

1. PlatformTransactionManager：平台事务管理器
2. DataSourceTransactionManager：JDBC / MyBatis 专用实现类
3. TransactionDefinition：事务定义（隔离级别、传播行为）

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三、环境说明

Maven 依赖（pom.xml）

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>com.qcby</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-aop-demo</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- Spring核心 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
            <version>5.3.31</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId>
            <version>5.3.31</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- 注解支持 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.annotation</groupId>
            <artifactId>javax.annotation-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.3.2</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- 日志 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>commons-logging</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-logging</artifactId>
            <version>1.2</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>log4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.12</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- 测试 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>4.12</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
            <version>5.3.31</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- 数据库 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
            <artifactId>druid</artifactId>
            <version>1.1.10</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
            <version>8.0.28</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- AOP 相关 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>aopalliance</groupId>
            <artifactId>aopalliance</artifactId>
            <version>1.0</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-aspects</artifactId>
            <version>5.3.31</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.aspectj</groupId>
            <artifactId>aspectjweaver</artifactId>
            <version>1.8.3</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

配置文件：application.properties 存放数据库连接信息

jdbc.driverClassName=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
jdbc.url=jdbc:mysql:///spring_db?useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC
jdbc.username=root
jdbc.password=123456

数据库表结构

CREATE TABLE account(
    name VARCHAR(20),
    money DOUBLE
);

-- 初始化数据
INSERT INTO account VALUES ('熊大',1000),('熊二',500);

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四、✨ 方式一：XML 声明式事务

1、原理

基于 AOP 切面，在 XML 中配置事务规则，对业务方法进行增强。

2、完整 XML 配置

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
       xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
       xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx.xsd">

    <!-- 加载配置 -->
    <context:property-placeholder location="classpath:application.properties"/>

    <!-- 连接池 -->
    <bean id="dataSource" class="com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource">
        <property name="driverClassName" value="${jdbc.driverClassName}"/>
        <property name="url" value="${jdbc.url}"/>
        <property name="username" value="${jdbc.username}"/>
        <property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}"/>
    </bean>

    <!-- 1. 事务管理器 -->
    <bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    </bean>

    <!-- 2. 事务通知 -->
    <tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="transactionManager">
        <tx:attributes>
            <tx:method name="pay" isolation="DEFAULT" propagation="REQUIRED"/>
            <tx:method name="find*" read-only="true"/>
        </tx:attributes>
    </tx:advice>

    <!-- 3. AOP 切面配置 -->
    <aop:config>
        <aop:advisor advice-ref="txAdvice" pointcut="execution(* com.qcby.demo4.AccountServiceImpl.pay(..))"/>
    </aop:config>

    <!-- Dao & Service -->
    <bean id="accountDao" class="com.qcby.demo4.AccountDaoImpl">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    </bean>
    <bean id="accountService" class="com.qcby.demo4.AccountServiceImpl">
        <property name="accountDao" ref="accountDao"/>
    </bean>
</beans>

3、业务代码

// Service
public class AccountServiceImpl implements AccountService {
    private AccountDao accountDao;
    public void setAccountDao(AccountDao accountDao) {
        this.accountDao = accountDao;
    }
    @Override
    public void pay(String out, String in, double money) {
        accountDao.outMoney(out, money);
        // int i = 1 / 0;  开启异常，事务回滚
        accountDao.inMoney(in, money);
    }
}

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五、✨ 方式二：XML + 注解事务

1、步骤

1. 开启注解扫描
2. 开启事务注解驱动
3. 在 Service 上加 @Transactional

2、XML 配置

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
       xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx.xsd">

    <!-- 注解扫描 -->
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.qcby.demo5"/>
    <context:property-placeholder location="classpath:application.properties"/>

    <!-- 连接池 -->
    <bean id="dataSource" class="com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource">
        <property name="driverClassName" value="${jdbc.driverClassName}"/>
        <property name="url" value="${jdbc.url}"/>
        <property name="username" value="${jdbc.username}"/>
        <property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}"/>
    </bean>

    <!-- 事务管理器 -->
    <bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    </bean>

    <!-- JdbcTemplate -->
    <bean id="jdbcTemplate" class="org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    </bean>

    <!-- 开启事务注解 -->
    <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
</beans>

3、Service 事务注解

@Service
@Transactional(isolation = Isolation.DEFAULT)
public class AccountServiceImpl implements AccountService {
    @Autowired
    private AccountDao accountDao;

    @Override
    public void pay(String out, String in, double money) {
        accountDao.outMoney(out, money);
        // int a = 1/0;  报错自动回滚
        accountDao.inMoney(in, money);
    }
}

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六、✨ 方式三：纯注解事务（完全无 XML）

1、配置类

@Configuration
@ComponentScan("com.qcby.demo6")
@EnableTransactionManagement // 开启事务
public class SpringConfig {
    @Bean
    public DataSource dataSource(){
        DruidDataSource ds = new DruidDataSource();
        ds.setDriverClassName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
        ds.setUrl("jdbc:mysql:///spring_db?useSSL=false&serverTimezone=UTC");
        ds.setUsername("root");
        ds.setPassword("Zhen@777");
        return ds;
    }
    @Bean
    public JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate(DataSource dataSource){
        return new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);
    }
    @Bean
    public PlatformTransactionManager transactionManager(DataSource dataSource){
        return new DataSourceTransactionManager(dataSource);
    }
}

2、Service 代码

@Service
@Transactional
public class AccountServiceImpl implements AccountService {
    @Autowired
    private AccountDao accountDao;

    @Override
    public void pay(String out, String in, double money) {
        accountDao.outMoney(out, money);
        accountDao.inMoney(in, money);
    }
}

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七、测试代码（通用）

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration("classpath:applicationContext_tx.xml")
public class Demo4Test {
    @Autowired
    private AccountService accountService;

    @Test
    public void testPay(){
        accountService.pay("熊大","熊二",100);
        System.out.println("✅ 转账成功（事务已生效）");
    }
}

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八、事务三种方式

方式	优点
XML 声明式事务	无侵入、不修改代码
XML + 注解事务	简单易用、最常用
纯注解事务	无配置文件、简洁