[R] Why data manipulation is crucial and sensitive?

What does a data scientist really do?

Identifying the pattern in cultural consumption, making fancy graph, engage a dialogue between data and the existing literature, refining hypothesis....(done within one months with three to four online meetings with partners = no more than 35 hours to agree on the main assertions)

|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|------|
| Litteratue review | 60 | 20% |
| Primary definition of the hypothesis | 5 | 2% |
| Getting familiar with the codebook and the survey | 10 | 3% |
| Explore the potential variable of interest | 20 | 7% |
| Rename the variable of interest | 15 | 5% |
| Recode the variable of interest and translate in English | 70 | 23% |
| Non answer cleaning | 5 | 2% |
| Rename the labels (levels) | 10 | 3% |
| Primary analysis of the outputs (inspect the recoded variable and bivariate an) | 20 | 7% |
| Reformulation of some hypothesis | 5 | 2% |
| Plotting the first MCA and analyze them | 15 | 5% |
| Compare model strength and understand the primary outputs | 5 | 2% |
| Refining hypothesis and assertions | 15 | 5% |
| Writing the article | 50 | 16% |
| | 305 | 100% |

What is "cleaning and organizing data"?

Definition:

Cleaning and organizing data refer to the process of preparing raw data for analysis by identifying and correcting errors, inconsistencies, and inaccuracies, and structuring it in a way that facilitates effective analysis.

Steps Involved:

Data Cleaning:
- Handling missing values.
- Removing duplicates.
- Correcting errors and inconsistencies.
Data Organization:
- Structuring data in a readable format.
- Categorizing and labeling data.
- Creating meaningful variables.

Removing Duplicates:

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# Removing duplicate rows
unique_data <- unique(raw_data)

Correcting Errors and Inconsistencies

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# Replacing incorrect values
corrected_data <- replace(raw_data, incorrect_condition, replacement_value)

Structuring Data:

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# Creating a data frame
structured_data <- data.frame(variable1 = vector1, variable2 = vector2, ...)

Categorizing and Labeling Data:

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# Creating factors for categorical variables
categorized_data <- factor(raw_data$variable, levels = c("Category1", "Category2", ...))

Creating Meaningful Variables:

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# Creating a new variable based on existing ones
raw_data$new_variable <- raw_data$variable1 + raw_data$variable2

Common issue with online survey

Data not writen in the good format: the typical issue with year of birth

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家庭状况与教育经历
47、您的出生年份是？（请填写整数，例如：1984） (填空题 *必答)
________________________

Section Familial Situation and Education background
47. Which year are you born (Please write number such as 1984)

In the raw data, we have 2 people born in 1898 = 120 years old

Given the average age of the population they are likely to be born in 1998

25 respondents answered using the format Year/Month/Birth

Ex: 19940105

2 respondents answered using very original format

Ex: 930524 / 197674

1 respondent just answer 1

How to clean efficiently with R?

tidyR

= it is a very important package to transform a long table from a wide table

Will not be covered, but basic operation using tidyr are explained in this website: https://mgimond.github.io/ES218/Week03b.html

dplyr

dplyr is a very important package that enables you to select specific variable and data, and to transform them

dplyr Package in R:

Selection of Specific Variables:
- select() function: It allows you to choose specific columns (variables) from a data frame.
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```
# Example: Selecting columns "variable1" and "variable2"
selected_data <- select(your_data_frame, variable1, variable2)
```

Filtering Data:

filter() function: Enables you to subset your data based on specific conditions

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# Example: Filtering data where "variable1" is greater than 10
filtered_data <- filter(your_data_frame, variable1 > 10)

Transformation (Mutating) Data:

mutate() function: Allows you to create new variables or modify existing ones.

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# Example: Creating a new variable "new_variable" as a transformation of existing variables
mutated_data <- mutate(your_data_frame, new_variable = variable1 + variable2)

Arranging Data:

arrange() function: Sorts rows based on specified variables.

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# Example: Sorting data based on "variable1" in ascending order
sorted_data <- arrange(your_data_frame, variable1)

Summarizing Data:

summarize() function: Aggregates data, often used with functions like mean, sum, etc.

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# Example: Calculating the mean of "variable1"
summary_stats <- summarize(your_data_frame, mean_variable1 = mean(variable1))

The magrittr package

The magrittr package offers a set of operators which make your code more readable by:

structuring sequences of data operations left-to-right, avoiding nested function calls, minimizing the need for local variables and function definitions, and making it easy to add steps anywhere in the sequence of operations.

The operators pipe their left-hand side values forward into expressions that appear on the right-hand side, i.e. one can replace f(x) with x %>% f(), where %>% is the (main) pipe-operator.

https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/