作者:俊达
引言
MergeTree是Clickhouse中最核心的存储引擎。上一篇文章中,我们介绍了MergeTree的基本结构。
1、MergeTree由分区(partiton)和part组成。
2、Part是MergeTree可操作的基本数据单元。
当插入数据时,会生成新的part。同时,可以对分区和part进行脱机和挂载操作,还可以对分区进行备份、恢复。此外,还可以移动分区,即将part从一个实例中脱机,然后在另一个实例中挂载,也可以将分区从一个表挂载到另外一个表。
本文将介绍clickhouse MergeTree表的基本运维操作。包括:
- detach / attach
- freeze
- optimize
1 detach和attach
clickhouse中detach相关的命令有:
-
detach table / attach table
-
alter table detach partition / alter table attach partition
-
alter table detach part / alter table attach part
其中detach table和attach table对整个表生效。
detach patition / attach partiton 和 detach part / attach part分别对表的分区和part进行操作。
1.1 detach table / attach table
detach table后,无法从该表查询数据:
bash
ck01 :) select count(*) from metrics;
SELECT count(*)
FROM metrics
Query id: eb5f8146-3dfc-4fd5-a25f-e7b2d69a377f
┌─count()─┐
│ 3 │
└─────────┘
1 row in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
ck01 :)
ck01 :)
ck01 :) detach table metrics;
DETACH TABLE metrics
Query id: 39b42e6f-fb70-402f-81a4-248b8f677a9a
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.001 sec.
## detach后,无法查询数据
ck01 :) select count(*) from metrics;
SELECT count(*)
FROM metrics
Query id: 245b8032-b41a-442c-a265-150d7555ae99
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.001 sec.
Received exception from server (version 22.6.3):
Code: 60. DB::Exception: Received from localhost:9000. DB::Exception: Table local.metrics doesn't exist. (UNKNOWN_TABLE)
detach table后,数据文件还在原先的路径
detach table并不会删除数据文件和metadata文件。通过attach table命令可以恢复表
bash
root@ck01:/data/clickhouse/clickhouse/data/local/metrics# ls -l
total 12
drwxr-x--- 2 root root 4096 Dec 6 03:07 20221129_8_8_2
drwxr-x--- 5 root root 4096 Dec 6 03:07 detached
-rw-r----- 1 root root 1 Nov 29 05:43 format_version.txt
可以通过attach table命令恢复表
bash
ck01 :) attach table metrics;
ATTACH TABLE metrics
Query id: b7d80ed1-4588-4884-903b-999523c7bff6
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
ck01 :) select count(*) from metrics;
SELECT count(*)
FROM metrics
Query id: 929c04dd-0474-47cd-a3d5-ea02eba0e910
┌─count()─┐
│ 3 │
└─────────┘
1 row in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
clickhouse重启时,会自动attach table
如果detach table时没有指定PERMANENTLY,则重启clickhouse时,会自动attach table。
bash
DETACH TABLE table [PERMANENTLY]
1.2 alter table detach/attach partition
detach partition将某个分区脱机,分区脱机后,分区内的所有part都会被移动到detach目录下。可以通过attach parition命令将数据加载回来。
1.2.1 detach partition
测试数据
bash
ck01 :) select partition, name, active,rows from system.parts where table='metrics';
SELECT
partition,
name,
active,
rows
FROM system.parts
WHERE table = 'metrics'
Query id: 8c35e7ef-af1c-4248-bfae-3c02de5b6b78
┌─partition─┬─name─────────────┬─active─┬─rows─┐
│ 20221129 │ 20221129_12_12_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_13_13_0 │ 1 │ 2 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_14_14_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_15_15_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
└───────────┴──────────────────┴────────┴──────┘
使用detach partiton命令将20221130分区detach:
bash
ck01 :) alter table metrics detach partition 20221130;
ALTER TABLE metrics
DETACH PARTITION 20221130
Query id: 88999a92-2e2c-4e4a-845d-487101f3af33
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
ck01 :) select partition, name, active,rows from system.parts where table='metrics';
SELECT
partition,
name,
active,
rows
FROM system.parts
WHERE table = 'metrics'
Query id: ab66d880-6c7d-4312-99c7-3a00c256882f
┌─partition─┬─name─────────────┬─active─┬─rows─┐
│ 20221129 │ 20221129_12_12_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
└───────────┴──────────────────┴────────┴──────┘
对应的part被移动到了detached目录:
bash
root@ck01:/data/clickhouse/clickhouse/data/local/metrics# ls -l detached/
total 12
drwxr-x--- 2 root root 4096 Dec 6 05:39 20221130_13_13_0
drwxr-x--- 2 root root 4096 Dec 6 05:39 20221130_14_14_0
drwxr-x--- 2 root root 4096 Dec 6 05:39 20221130_15_15_0
1.2.2 attach partition
使用attach partition命令将20221130分区attach回来。可以观察到part的名称发生了变化。
bash
ck01 :) alter table metrics attach partition 20221130;
ALTER TABLE metrics
ATTACH PARTITION 20221130
Query id: 24a4784f-653c-4874-8dea-60cb4981abe0
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
ck01 :) select partition, name, active,rows from system.parts where table='metrics';
SELECT
partition,
name,
active,
rows
FROM system.parts
WHERE table = 'metrics'
Query id: d64868c0-513f-4e36-be57-65abe3cf6065
┌─partition─┬─name─────────────┬─active─┬─rows─┐
│ 20221129 │ 20221129_12_12_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_16_16_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_17_17_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_18_18_0 │ 1 │ 2 │
└───────────┴──────────────────┴────────┴──────┘
4 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
1.3 alter table detach/attach part
detach part和attach part的操作对象是分区中的某一个具体的part,操作粒度比分区更细。
1.3.1使用detach part命令detach某一个具体的part:
bash
ck01 :) alter table metrics detach part '20221130_17_17_0';
ALTER TABLE metrics
DETACH PART '20221130_17_17_0'
Query id: 51fcc860-b8b1-4410-8e89-ffcbd845b085
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
ck01 :) select partition, name, active,rows from system.parts where table='metrics';
SELECT
partition,
name,
active,
rows
FROM system.parts
WHERE table = 'metrics'
Query id: cec0db47-2c43-460a-b121-f2d2329b1e62
┌─partition─┬─name─────────────┬─active─┬─rows─┐
│ 20221129 │ 20221129_12_12_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_16_16_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_17_17_0 │ 0 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_18_18_0 │ 1 │ 2 │
└───────────┴──────────────────┴────────┴──────┘
4 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.003 sec.
detach的part被移动到detached目录
bash
root@ck01:/data/clickhouse/clickhouse/data/local/metrics# ls -l detached/
total 4
drwxr-x--- 2 root root 4096 Dec 6 05:52 20221130_17_17_0
1.3.2使用attach part命令attach某一个part:
bash
ck01 :) alter table metrics attach part '20221130_17_17_0';
ALTER TABLE metrics
ATTACH PART '20221130_17_17_0'
Query id: a1dfdda0-bc1e-4abe-b14f-aaa7b306a0f4
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.001 sec.
ck01 :) select partition, name, active,rows from system.parts where table='metrics';
SELECT
partition,
name,
active,
rows
FROM system.parts
WHERE table = 'metrics'
Query id: 5baad864-3700-4993-9a09-2f52a9477459
┌─partition─┬─name─────────────┬─active─┬─rows─┐
│ 20221129 │ 20221129_12_12_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_16_16_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_18_18_0 │ 1 │ 2 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_19_19_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
└───────────┴──────────────────┴────────┴──────┘
由于part数据一旦写入之后就不会变化,我们可以使用detach part/attach part命令来移动数据。
2 freeze和unfreeze
bash
ALTER TABLE table_name [ON CLUSTER cluster] FREEZE [PARTITION partition_expr] [WITH NAME 'backup_name']
使用alter table freeze命令给表创建一个备份。如不不指定分区,则会对整个表的所有分区进行备份。
freeze命令通过创建硬连接的方式备份数据,所以不会占用额外的空间。
bash
ck01 :) alter table metrics freeze with name 'backup20221206';
ALTER TABLE metrics
FREEZE WITH NAME 'backup20221206'
Query id: 48279b8e-4e2a-41ed-b0e2-f2a8e2db4652
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.010 sec.
执行freeze命令之后,可以在clickhouse数据目录的shadow目录下看到对应的文件:
bash
root@ck01:/data/clickhouse/clickhouse/shadow# ls -l
total 12
drwxr-x--- 3 root root 4096 Dec 6 06:20 469
drwxr-x--- 3 root root 4096 Dec 6 06:21 backup20221206
-rw-r----- 1 root root 4 Dec 6 06:21 increment.txt
root@ck01:/data/clickhouse/clickhouse/shadow# tree backup20221206
backup20221206
└── store
└── def
└── def88518-fd7b-418d-a7dd-6564e38bba39
├── 20221129_12_12_0
│ ├── checksums.txt
│ ├── columns.txt
│ ├── count.txt
│ ├── data.bin
│ ├── data.mrk3
│ ├── default_compression_codec.txt
│ ├── minmax_tt.idx
│ ├── partition.dat
│ └── primary.idx
├── 20221130_16_16_0
│ ├── checksums.txt
│ ├── columns.txt
│ ├── count.txt
│ ├── data.bin
│ ├── data.mrk3
│ ├── default_compression_codec.txt
│ ├── minmax_tt.idx
│ ├── partition.dat
│ └── primary.idx
......
使用unfreeze命令删除备份
bash
ck01 :) alter table metrics unfreeze with name '469';
ALTER TABLE metrics
UNFREEZE WITH NAME '469'
Query id: bba89afe-54f7-457b-ab3d-3db76bf3f2f3
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.001 sec.
由于clickhouse的part文件一旦生成之后就不会修改。可以使用freeze生成的备份文件来恢复数据。
3 optimize
使用optimize命令发起表的分区合并操作。
bash
ck01 :) select partition, name, active,rows from system.parts where table='metrics';
SELECT
partition,
name,
active,
rows
FROM system.parts
WHERE table = 'metrics'
Query id: 2917d850-fd9d-4e2c-b02e-9fd129565dc7
┌─partition─┬─name─────────────┬─active─┬─rows─┐
│ 20221129 │ 20221129_12_12_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_16_16_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_18_18_0 │ 1 │ 2 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_19_19_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
└───────────┴──────────────────┴────────┴──────┘
4 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
ck01 :) optimize table metrics;
OPTIMIZE TABLE metrics
Query id: 4f53e875-21bc-4c00-85b3-88c3ef156b1b
Ok.
0 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
ck01 :) select partition, name, active,rows from system.parts where table='metrics';
SELECT
partition,
name,
active,
rows
FROM system.parts
WHERE table = 'metrics'
Query id: 3a32a138-26f5-4b43-874b-af2e58d18419
┌─partition─┬─name─────────────┬─active─┬─rows─┐
│ 20221129 │ 20221129_12_12_0 │ 1 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_16_16_0 │ 0 │ 1 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_16_19_1 │ 1 │ 4 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_18_18_0 │ 0 │ 2 │
│ 20221130 │ 20221130_19_19_0 │ 0 │ 1 │
└───────────┴──────────────────┴────────┴──────┘
5 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.002 sec.
optimize后,创建了新的part 20221130_16_19_1,同时被合并的part active状态设置为0。inactive的part会在一定时间后被自动清理。
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