一、Transformer模型架构图
主要模块:
embedding层:
Input/Output Embedding: 将每个标记(token)转换为对应的向量表示。
**Positional Encoding:**由于没有时序信息,需要额外加入位置编码。
N个 block堆叠:
Multi-Head Attention: 利用注意力机制对输入进行交互,得到具有上下文信息的表示。根据其所处的位置有不同的变种:邻接解码器嵌入位置是掩码多头注意力,特点是当前位置只能注意本身以及之前位置的信息;掩码多头注意力紧接的多头注意力特点是Key和Value来自编码器的输出,而Query来自底层的输出,目的是在计算输出时考虑输入信息。
Layer Normalization: 作用于Transformer块内部子层的输出表示上,对表示序列进行层归一化。
**Residual connection :**作用于Transformer块内部子层输入和输出上,对其输入和输出进行求和。
Position-wise Feedforward Network: 通过多层全连接网络对表示序列进行非线性变换,提升模型的表达能力。
二、分词器BPE
2.1 原理
字节对编码(BPE, Byte Pair Encoder),又称 digram coding 双字母组合编码,是一种数据压缩 算法,用来在固定大小的词表中实现可变⻓度的子词。
BPE 首先将词分成单个字符,然后依次用另一个字符替换频率最高的一对字符 ,直到循环次数结束。
BPE训练算法的步骤如下:
-
初始化语料库
-
将语料库中每个单词拆分成字符作为子词,并在单词结尾增加一个
</w>
字符 -
将拆分后的子词构成初始子词词表
-
在语料库中统计单词内相邻子词对的频次
-
合并频次最高的子词对,合并成新的子词,并将新的子词加入到子词词表
-
重复步骤4和5直到进行了设定的合并次数或达到了设定的子词词表大小
2.2 tokenize实现
python
from collections import defaultdict
import jieba
from typing import *
class BPETokenizer:
def __init__(self,special_tokens=[]) -> None:
'''
:param sepcial_tokens: 额外添加的特殊token,
'''
self.word_freqs = defaultdict(int)
self.merges = {}
self.token_to_id = {}
self.id_to_token = {}
if special_tokens is None:
special_tokens = []
special_tokens = ['<PAD>', '<UNK>', '<BOS>', '<EOS>'] + special_tokens
for token in special_tokens:
self._add_token(token)
self.unk_token = "<UNK>"
self.unk_token_id = self.token_to_id.get(self.unk_token)
def _add_token(self,token:str) -> None:
'''
将token添加到词表中
:param token:
:return:
'''
# 新添加的token添加到最后,所以idx默认是当前词表的长度
if token not in self.token_to_id:
idx = len(self.token_to_id)
self.token_to_id[token] = idx
self.id_to_token[idx] = token
@property
def vobcab_size(self) -> int:
return len(self.token_to_id)
## 以下是训练bpe相关函数 start
def _learn_vocab(self,corpus: list[str]) -> None:
'''
统计词频
:param corpus:
:return:
'''
for sentence in corpus:
sentence = sentence.lower()
# 分词统计词频
words = [w for w in jieba.cut(sentence) if w != " "]
for word in words:
self.word_freqs[word] += 1
def _compute_pair_freqs(self,splits) -> dict[Tuple, int]:
'''
统计相邻字符的共现频率
:param splits:
:return:
'''
pair_freqs = defaultdict(int)
## 遍历word里面的相关的子字符,统计共现频率
for word,freq in self.word_freqs.items():
split = splits[word]
if len(split) == 1:
continue
for i in range(len(split) - 1):
pair = (split[i], split[i + 1])
pair_freqs[pair] += freq
return pair_freqs
def _merge_pair(self,a:str,b:str,splits):
'''
合并字符并跟新split里面word对应的字符组成
比如 splits里面有个单词是 "hello":['h','e','l','l','o']
如果合并了字符h和字符e,那么就要变成"hello":['he','l','l','o']
:param a:
:param b:
:param splits:
:return:
'''
for word in self.word_freqs:
split = splits[word]
if len(split) == 1:
continue
i = 0
while i < len(split) -1:
if split[i] == a and split[i+1] == b:
split = split[:i] + [a + b] + split[i+2:]
else:
i += 1
splits[word] = split
return splits
def _merge_vocab(self,vocab_size,splits):
'''
:param vocab_size: 预期的词表的大小,当达到词表大小,bpe算法就结束
:param splits:
:return:
'''
merges = {}
while self.vobcab_size < vocab_size:
# 先统计共现频率
pari_freqs = self._compute_pair_freqs(splits)
best_pair = None
max_freq = 0
for pair,freq in pari_freqs.items():
if max_freq < freq:
best_pair = pair
max_freq = freq
# 合并新词
splits = self._merge_pair(*best_pair,splits)
# 将新词加入词表
merges[best_pair] = best_pair[0] + best_pair[1]
self._add_token(best_pair[0] + best_pair[1])
return merges
def train(self,corpus,vocab_size):
'''
bpe训练代码
:param corpus: 文本语料
:param vocab_size: 期望的词表大小
:return:
'''
self._learn_vocab(corpus)
splits = {word: [c for c in word] for word in self.word_freqs.keys()}
for split in splits.values():
for c in split:
self._add_token(c)
self.merges = self._merge_vocab(vocab_size, splits)
## 训练bpe相关函数 end
def tokenize(self,text):
'''
bpe分词
:param text:
:return:
'''
text = text.lower()
words = [w for w in jieba.cut(text) if w != " "]
splits = [[c for c in word] for word in words]
for pair,merge in self.merges.items():
for idx,split in enumerate(splits):
i = 0
while i < len(split) -1:
if split[i] == pair[0] and split[i+1] == pair[1]:
split = split[:i] + [merge] + split[i + 2:]
else:
i += 1
splits[idx] = split
return sum(splits,[])
def _convert_token_to_id(self,token:str):
'''
将token转换为具体的id
:param token:
:return:
'''
return self.token_to_id.get(token,self.unk_token_id)
def _convert_id_to_token(self,index:int) -> str:
return self.id_to_token.get(index,self.unk_token)
def _convert_ids_to_tokens(self,token_ids: list[int]) -> list[str]:
return [self._convert_id_to_token(index) for index in token_ids]
def _convert_tokens_to_ids(self, tokens: list[str]) -> list[int]:
return [self._convert_token_to_id(token) for token in tokens]
def encode(self, text: str) -> list[int]:
tokens = self.tokenize(text)
return self._convert_tokens_to_ids(tokens)
def clean_up_tokenization(self, out_string: str) -> str:
out_string = (
out_string.replace(" .", ".")
.replace(" ?", "?")
.replace(" !", "!")
.replace(" ,", ",")
.replace(" ' ", "'")
.replace(" n't", "n't")
.replace(" 'm", "'m")
.replace(" 's", "'s")
.replace(" 've", "'ve")
.replace(" 're", "'re")
)
return out_string
def decode(self, token_ids: list[int]) -> str:
tokens = self._convert_ids_to_tokens(token_ids)
return self.clean_up_tokenization(" ".join(tokens))
if __name__ == '__main__':
corpus = [
"This is the Hugging Face Course.",
"This chapter is about tokenization.",
"This section shows several tokenizer algorithms.",
"Hopefully, you will be able to understand how they are trained and generate tokens.",
]
tokenizer = BPETokenizer()
tokenizer.train(corpus, 50)
print(tokenizer.tokenize("This is not a token."))
print(tokenizer.vobcab_size)
token_ids = tokenizer.encode("This is not a token.")
print(token_ids)
# this is not a token.
#由于分词的时候没有 对单词的尾部/w处理,导致decode的时候不知道单词是否结束
print(tokenizer.decode(token_ids))
三. Embedding层
python
import math
from torch import nn,Tensor
class Embedding(nn.Module):
def __init__(self,vocab_size:int, d_model:int) -> None:
'''
:param vocab_size: 词库大小
:param d_model: embedding的向量维度
'''
super().__init__()
self.embed = nn.Embedding(vocab_size,d_model)
self.sqrt_d_model = math.sqrt(d_model)
def forward(self,x:Tensor) -> Tensor:
'''
:param x: 输入的Tensor,(batch_size,seq_length)
:return: Tensor,shape为:(batch_size,seq_length,d_model)
'''
## 论文里面,初始化以后要乘以 d_model的平方根
return self.embed(x) * self.sqrt_d_model