华为---OSPF的DR与BDR(六)

9.6 OSPF的DR与BDR

9.6.1 原理概述

在OSPF的广播类型网络和NBMA类型网络中,如果网络中有n台路由器,若任意两台路由器之间都要建立邻接关系,则需要建立n×(n-1)/2个邻接关系,即当路由器很多时,则需要建立和维护的邻接关系就很多,两两之间需要发送的报文也就很多,这会造成很多内容重复的报文在网络中传递,浪费了设备的带宽资源。因此在广播和NBMA类型网络中,OSPF协议定义了指定路由器DR(Designated Router),即所有其他路由器都只将各自的链路状态信息发送给DR,再由DR以组播方式发送至所有路由器,大大减少了OSPF数据包的发送。

但是如果DR由于某种故障而失效,此时网络中必须重新选举DR,并同步链路状态信息,这需要较长的时间。为了能够缩短这个过程,OSPF协议又定义了BDR(BackupDesignated Router)的概念,作为DR路由器的备份,当DR路由器失效时,BDR成为DR,并再选择新的BDR路由器。其他非DR/BDR路由器都称为DR Other路由器。

每一个含有至少两个路由器的广播类型网络或NBMA类型网络都会选举一个DR和BDR。选举规则是首先比较DR优先级,优先级高者成为DR,次高的成为BDR。如果优先级相等,则Router-ID数值高的成为DR,次高的成为BDR。如果一台路由器的DR优先级为0,则不参与选举。需要注意的是,DR是在某个广播或者NBMA网段内进行选举的,是针对路由器的接口而言的。某台路由器在一个接口上可能是DR,在另一个接口上有可能是BDR,或者是DR Other。

若DR、BDR已经选举完毕,人为修改任何一台路由器的DR优先级值为最大,也不会抢占成为新的DR或BDR,即OSPF的DR/BDR选举是非抢占的。

9.6.2 实验内容

某公司有4个部门,路由器R1连接到总经理办公室,路由器R2连接到人事部,R3连接到开发部,R4连接到市场部。4台路由器通过交换机S1互联,每台路由器都运行了OSPF路由协议,都运行在区域0内,使得公司内部各部门网络能够互相通信。由于路由器通过广播网络互连,OSPF会选举DR和BDR,现网络管理员要配置使得性能较好的R1成为DR,性能次之的R2成为BDR,而性能最差的R4不能参加DR和BDR的选举,由此来完成网络的优化。

9.6.3 实验拓扑

9.6.4 实验编址

设备 接口 IP地址 子网掩码 默认网关
AR1(AR2220) GE 0/0/0 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.248 N/A
AR1(AR2220) GE 0/0/1 192.168.10.254 255.255.255.0 N/A
AR1(AR2220) Loopback 0 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 N/A
AR2(AR2220) GE 0/0/0 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.248 N/A
AR2(AR2220) GE 0/0/1 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0 N/A
AR2(AR2220) Loopback 0 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255 N/A
AR3(AR2220) GE 0/0/0 172.16.1.3 255.255.255.248 N/A
AR3(AR2220) GE 0/0/1 192.168.30.254 255.255.255.0 N/A
AR3(AR2220) Loopback 0 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255 N/A
AR4(AR2220) GE 0/0/0 172.16.1.4 255.255.255.248 N/A
AR4(AR2220) GE 0/0/1 192.168.40.254 255.255.255.0 N/A
AR4(AR2220) Loopback 0 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.255 N/A
PC1 Ethernet 0/0/1 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.254
PC2 Ethernet 0/0/1 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.254
PC3 Ethernet 0/0/1 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.30.254
PC4 Ethernet 0/0/1 192.168.40.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.40.254

9.6.5 实验步骤

1、基本配置

根据实验编址表进行相应的基本IP地址配置和OSPF配置,并重启OSPF进程。

erlang 复制代码
[AR1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 172.16.1.1 29
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.10.254 24
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]interface loopback 0
[AR1-LoopBack0]ip address 1.1.1.1 32
[AR1-LoopBack0]router id 1.1.1.1		# 设置环回地址作为Router-ID
Info: Router ID has been modified, please reset the relative protocols manually to update the Router ID.
[AR1]ospf 1
[AR1-ospf-1]area 0
[AR1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.7
[AR1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255
[AR1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]return
<AR1>reset ospf process 	# 重启OSPF进程
Warning: The OSPF process will be reset. Continue? [Y/N]:y

[AR2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 172.16.1.2 29
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.20.254 24
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]interface loopback 0
[AR2-LoopBack0]ip address 2.2.2.2 32
[AR2-LoopBack0]router id 2.2.2.2
Info: Router ID has been modified, please reset the relative protocols manually to update the Router ID.
[AR2]ospf 1
[AR2-ospf-1]area 0
[AR2-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.7
[AR2-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.255
[AR2-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]return
<AR2>reset ospf process
Warning: The OSPF process will be reset. Continue? [Y/N]:y

[AR3]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 172.16.1.3 29
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.30.254 24
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]interface loopback 0
[AR3-LoopBack0]ip address 3.3.3.3 32
[AR3-LoopBack0]router id 3.3.3.3
Info: Router ID has been modified, please reset the relative protocols manually to update the Router ID.
[AR3]ospf 1
[AR3-ospf-1]area 0
[AR3-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.7
[AR3-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.30.0 0.0.0.255
[AR3-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]return
<AR3>reset ospf process
Warning: The OSPF process will be reset. Continue? [Y/N]:y

[AR4]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 172.16.1.4 29
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.40.254 24
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]interface loopback 0
[AR4-LoopBack0]ip address 4.4.4.4 32
[AR4-LoopBack0]router id 4.4.4.4
Info: Router ID has been modified, please reset the relative protocols manually to update the Router ID.
[AR4]ospf 1
[AR4-ospf-1]area 0
[AR4-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.7
[AR4-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.40.0 0.0.0.255
[AR4-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]return
<AR4>reset ospf process
Warning: The OSPF process will be reset. Continue? [Y/N]:y

配置完成后检查OSPF的邻居建立转态,使用display ospf peer brief命令进行查看 。其他设备省略。

pgp 复制代码
[AR1]display ospf peer brief
	 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 1.1.1.1
		  Peer Statistic Information
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Area Id          Interface                        Neighbor id      State    
 0.0.0.0          GigabitEthernet0/0/0             2.2.2.2          Full        
 0.0.0.0          GigabitEthernet0/0/0             3.3.3.3          Full        
 0.0.0.0          GigabitEthernet0/0/0             4.4.4.4          Full        
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2、查看默认情况下的DR/BDR状态

使用display ospf peer命令查看此时默认情况下ospf网络中的DR/BDR选举情况。

pgp 复制代码
[AR1]display ospf peer
	 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 1.1.1.1
		 Neighbors 
 Area 0.0.0.0 interface 172.16.1.1(GigabitEthernet0/0/0)'s neighbors
 Router ID: 2.2.2.2          Address: 172.16.1.2      
   State: Full  Mode:Nbr is  Master  Priority: 1
   DR: 172.16.1.1  BDR: 172.16.1.2  MTU: 0    
   Dead timer due in 34  sec 
   Retrans timer interval: 5 
   Neighbor is up for 00:34:29     
   Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ] 

 Router ID: 3.3.3.3          Address: 172.16.1.3      
   State: Full  Mode:Nbr is  Master  Priority: 1
   DR: 172.16.1.1  BDR: 172.16.1.2  MTU: 0    
   Dead timer due in 34  sec 
   Retrans timer interval: 5 
   Neighbor is up for 00:26:06     
   Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ] 

 Router ID: 4.4.4.4          Address: 172.16.1.4      
   State: Full  Mode:Nbr is  Master  Priority: 1
   DR: 172.16.1.1  BDR: 172.16.1.2  MTU: 0    
   Dead timer due in 32  sec 
   Retrans timer interval: 5 
   Neighbor is up for 00:15:30     
   Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ] 

可以观察到此时的网络中,R1是DR,R2是BDR。

接下来在每台设备上的相关接口下使用ospf ntwork-type p2mp命令修改OSPF的网络类型为点对多点。

erlang 复制代码
[AR1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf network-type p2mp

[AR2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf network-type p2mp

[AR3]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf network-type p2mp

[AR4]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf network-type p2mp

再次查看R1上面的OSPF的DR/BDR选举情况。

pgp 复制代码
[AR1]display ospf peer
	 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 1.1.1.1
		 Neighbors 
 Area 0.0.0.0 interface 172.16.1.1(GigabitEthernet0/0/0)'s neighbors
 Router ID: 2.2.2.2          Address: 172.16.1.2      
   State: Full  Mode:Nbr is  Master  Priority: 1
   DR: None   BDR: None   MTU: 0    
   Dead timer due in 109 sec 
   Retrans timer interval: 0 
   Neighbor is up for 00:02:01     
   Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ] 

 Router ID: 3.3.3.3          Address: 172.16.1.3      
   State: Full  Mode:Nbr is  Master  Priority: 1
   DR: None   BDR: None   MTU: 0    
   Dead timer due in 94  sec 
   Retrans timer interval: 0 
   Neighbor is up for 00:02:01     
   Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ] 

 Router ID: 4.4.4.4          Address: 172.16.1.4      
   State: Full  Mode:Nbr is  Master  Priority: 1
   DR: None   BDR: None   MTU: 0    
   Dead timer due in 117 sec 
   Retrans timer interval: 0 
   Neighbor is up for 00:01:31     
   Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ] 

可以看到DR/BDR都为none,验证了在点对多点的网络类型中不选举DR/BDR。

3、根据现在网络需求影响DR/BDR选举

R1为DR,R2为BDR,R4不参与选举。先恢复为默认的广播网络类型。然后修改R1上GE 0/0/0接口的DR优先级为100,R2为50,R3保持不变,R4为0.配置好要记得重启OSPF进程。

erlang 复制代码
[AR1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf network-type broadcast
[AR2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf network-type broadcast
[AR3]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf network-type broadcast
[AR4]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf network-type broadcast
# 修改路由器上GE 0/0/0接口的DR优先级,R1为100,R2为50,R3保持不变,R4为0
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf dr-priority 100
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf dr-priority 50
[AR4-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ospf dr-priority 0
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