【Node.js】RabbitMQ 不同交换器类型的使用

RabbitMQ 是一个强大的消息队列系统,支持多种消息路由模式(Exchange Types),也可以说是发布订阅模式,包括 Direct、Topic、Headers 和 Fanout。

实际上这四种模式的区别在代码层面只是参数配置不同。


1. RabbitMQ 概述

RabbitMQ 使用交换器(Exchange)来接收生产者发送的消息,并根据交换器类型和绑定规则将消息路由到一个或多个队列(Queue)。四种主要的交换器类型分别是:

  • Direct Exchange:基于完全匹配的路由键进行消息路由。
  • Topic Exchange:基于模式匹配的路由键进行消息路由,支持通配符等(使用"*"匹配一个单词或使用"#"匹配多个单词)。
  • Headers Exchange:基于消息头属性进行消息路由。
  • Fanout Exchange:将消息广播到所有绑定的队列,无视路由键。

使用 MQ 的时候,记得先启动 MQ 服务。

2. Direct Exchange

Direct Exchange 根据消息的路由键(Routing Key)与队列的绑定键(Binding Key)进行严格匹配,将消息路由到对应的队列。

适用场景

  • 任务分发:将任务发送到特定的工作队列。
  • 日志记录:根据日志级别将日志发送到不同的日志处理队列。

示例:日志系统

假设我们有一个日志系统,根据日志级别(info、warning、error)将日志消息发送到不同的队列进行处理。

3.1 生产者(Publisher)
javascript 复制代码
// direct_publisher.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function publishMessage() {
  try {
    // 1. 连接 MQ
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost:5672');
    // 2. 创建一个通道
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();
    // 3. 创建交换机 如果创建了就不会创建 否则创建
    const exchange = 'direct_logs';
    // 参数:交换机名称(随便写) 交换机类型(direct、fanout、topic、headers) 配置项 
    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'direct', { durable: false });

    const args = process.argv.slice(2);
    const severity = args[0] || 'info';
    const message = args.slice(1).join(' ') || 'Hello World!';
    // 4. 发送消息 
    // 参数:交换机名称 匹配路由的key 内容(Buffer)
    channel.publish(exchange, severity, Buffer.from(message));
    console.log(` [x] Sent '${severity}':'${message}'`);

    setTimeout(() => {
      // 5. 断开连接
      channel.close();
      connection.close();
    }, 500);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

publishMessage();

使用方法

bash 复制代码
node direct_publisher.js error "This is an error message"
node direct_publisher.js info "This is an info message"
node direct_publisher.js warning "This is a warning message"
3.2 消费者(Consumer)

我们将创建三个消费者,分别处理不同级别的日志。

3.2.1 Error Logger
javascript 复制代码
// direct_consumer_error.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function consumeErrorLogs() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost:5672');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'direct_logs';
    const queue = 'error_logs';
    const severity = 'error';
    // 创建交换机 保证在消息队列前一定会有交换机(而且上面说过交换机一旦创建就不会重复创建)
    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'direct', { durable: false });
    // 创建队列
    const q = await channel.assertQueue(queue, { durable: false });
    // 交换机和队列要绑定 
    // 参数:队列名称 交换机名称 匹配路由的key
    await channel.bindQueue(q.queue, exchange, severity);

    console.log(` [*] Waiting for ${severity} logs. To exit press CTRL+C`);
	// 消费消息
    channel.consume(q.queue, (msg) => {
      if (msg.content) {
        console.log(` [x] Received ${severity}: ${msg.content.toString()}`);
      }
    }, { noAck: true });  // 自动消费
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

consumeErrorLogs();
3.2.2 Info Logger
javascript 复制代码
// direct_consumer_info.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function consumeInfoLogs() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost:5672');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'direct_logs';
    const queue = 'info_logs';
    const severity = 'info';

    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'direct', { durable: false });
    const q = await channel.assertQueue(queue, { durable: false });
    await channel.bindQueue(q.queue, exchange, severity);

    console.log(` [*] Waiting for ${severity} logs. To exit press CTRL+C`);

    channel.consume(q.queue, (msg) => {
      if (msg.content) {
        console.log(` [x] Received ${severity}: ${msg.content.toString()}`);
      }
    }, { noAck: true });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

consumeInfoLogs();
3.2.3 Warning Logger
javascript 复制代码
// direct_consumer_warning.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function consumeWarningLogs() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost:5672');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'direct_logs';
    const queue = 'warning_logs';
    const severity = 'warning';

    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'direct', { durable: false });
    const q = await channel.assertQueue(queue, { durable: false });
    await channel.bindQueue(q.queue, exchange, severity);

    console.log(` [*] Waiting for ${severity} logs. To exit press CTRL+C`);

    channel.consume(q.queue, (msg) => {
      if (msg.content) {
        console.log(` [x] Received ${severity}: ${msg.content.toString()}`);
      }
    }, { noAck: true });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

consumeWarningLogs();
3.3 运行示例
  1. 启动消费者:
bash 复制代码
node direct_consumer_error.js
node direct_consumer_info.js
node direct_consumer_warning.js
  1. 发送日志消息:
bash 复制代码
node direct_publisher.js error "This is an error message"
node direct_publisher.js info "This is an info message"
node direct_publisher.js warning "This is a warning message"

预期输出

  • Error Logger 会接收到 "This is an error message"
  • Info Logger 会接收到 "This is an info message"
  • Warning Logger 会接收到 "This is a warning message"

注:这里使用的是 cjs,不可以使用顶层 await 语法,顶层 await 只有在 esm 中才可以使用。

3.4 总结

Direct Exchange 适用于需要基于精确匹配路由键来路由消息的场景。通过不同的消费者绑定不同的路由键,可以实现消息的定向分发。


3. Topic Exchange

Topic Exchange 基于路由键的模式匹配进行消息路由,支持通配符(*#),允许更灵活的消息分发。

适用场景

  • 日志系统:根据不同的日志类别和子类别进行路由。
  • 实时消息分发:根据不同的主题进行消息分发,如股票价格、天气更新等。

示例:实时新闻发布系统

假设我们有一个实时新闻系统,根据新闻的类别(如 sports, weather, politics)和子类别(如 football, basketball)将新闻消息发送到不同的队列。

4.1 生产者(Publisher)
javascript 复制代码
// topic_publisher.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function publishMessage() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'topic_news';
    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'topic', { durable: false });

    const args = process.argv.slice(2);
    const routingKey = args[0] || 'sports.football';
    const message = args.slice(1).join(' ') || 'Breaking News!';

    channel.publish(exchange, routingKey, Buffer.from(message));
    console.log(` [x] Sent '${routingKey}':'${message}'`);

    setTimeout(() => {
      channel.close();
      connection.close();
    }, 500);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

publishMessage();

使用方法

bash 复制代码
node topic_publisher.js sports.football "Football match results"
node topic_publisher.js weather.rain "Heavy rain in the city"
node topic_publisher.js politics.election "Election results announced"
4.2 消费者(Consumer)

我们将创建多个消费者,根据不同的主题和子主题进行绑定。

4.2.1 Sports Subscriber
javascript 复制代码
// topic_consumer_sports.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function consumeSportsNews() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'topic_news';
    const queue = 'sports_news';

    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'topic', { durable: false });
    const q = await channel.assertQueue(queue, { durable: false });

    // 订阅所有体育相关的新闻 只匹配前面内容 后面内容随便
    const bindingKey = 'sports.*';
    await channel.bindQueue(q.queue, exchange, bindingKey);

    console.log(` [*] Waiting for sports news with binding key '${bindingKey}'. To exit press CTRL+C`);

    channel.consume(q.queue, (msg) => {
      if (msg.content) {
        console.log(` [x] Received sports news: ${msg.content.toString()}`);
      }
    }, { noAck: true });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

consumeSportsNews();
4.2.2 Weather Subscriber
javascript 复制代码
// topic_consumer_weather.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function consumeWeatherNews() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'topic_news';
    const queue = 'weather_news';

    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'topic', { durable: false });
    const q = await channel.assertQueue(queue, { durable: false });

    // 订阅所有天气相关的新闻
    const bindingKey = 'weather.*';
    await channel.bindQueue(q.queue, exchange, bindingKey);

    console.log(` [*] Waiting for weather news with binding key '${bindingKey}'. To exit press CTRL+C`);

    channel.consume(q.queue, (msg) => {
      if (msg.content) {
        console.log(` [x] Received weather news: ${msg.content.toString()}`);
      }
    }, { noAck: true });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

consumeWeatherNews();
4.2.3 All News Subscriber
javascript 复制代码
// topic_consumer_all.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function consumeAllNews() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'topic_news';
    const queue = 'all_news';

    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'topic', { durable: false });
    const q = await channel.assertQueue(queue, { durable: false });

    // 订阅所有类别的新闻
    const bindingKey = '#';
    await channel.bindQueue(q.queue, exchange, bindingKey);

    console.log(` [*] Waiting for all news with binding key '${bindingKey}'. To exit press CTRL+C`);

    channel.consume(q.queue, (msg) => {
      if (msg.content) {
        console.log(` [x] Received news: ${msg.content.toString()}`);
      }
    }, { noAck: true });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

consumeAllNews();
4.3 运行示例
  1. 启动消费者:
bash 复制代码
node topic_consumer_sports.js
node topic_consumer_weather.js
node topic_consumer_all.js
  1. 发送新闻消息:
bash 复制代码
node topic_publisher.js sports.football "Football match results"
node topic_publisher.js weather.rain "Heavy rain in the city"
node topic_publisher.js politics.election "Election results announced"

预期输出

  • Sports Subscriber 会接收到 "Football match results"
  • Weather Subscriber 会接收到 "Heavy rain in the city"
  • All News Subscriber 会接收到所有三条消息

4.4 总结

Topic Exchange 提供了基于模式匹配的灵活消息路由机制。通过使用通配符,可以实现复杂的消息分发逻辑,适用于需要多层次分类的场景。


4. Headers Exchange

Headers Exchange 根据消息头属性进行路由,而不是依赖路由键。它使用消息的头部(headers)来匹配队列的绑定规则。

适用场景

  • 复杂路由逻辑:当路由逻辑涉及多个属性时,Headers Exchange 可以更方便地处理。
  • 属性驱动的消息分发:如基于消息的多个属性组合进行路由。

示例:多条件订单处理系统

假设我们有一个订单处理系统,根据订单的属性(如国家、货币)将订单路由到不同的处理队列。

5.1 生产者(Publisher)
javascript 复制代码
// headers_publisher.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function publishMessage() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'headers_orders';
    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'headers', { durable: false });

    const message = { orderId: 1234, item: 'Laptop', quantity: 1 };
    const headers = {
      country: 'US',
      currency: 'USD'
    };

    channel.publish(exchange, '', Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(message)), { headers });
    console.log(` [x] Sent message with headers ${JSON.stringify(headers)}: ${JSON.stringify(message)}`);

    setTimeout(() => {
      channel.close();
      connection.close();
    }, 500);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

publishMessage();

使用方法

bash 复制代码
node headers_publisher.js
5.2 消费者(Consumer)

我们将创建两个消费者,分别处理不同国家和货币的订单。

5.2.1 US Orders Consumer
javascript 复制代码
// headers_consumer_us.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function consumeUSOrders() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'headers_orders';
    const queue = 'us_orders';

    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'headers', { durable: false });
    const q = await channel.assertQueue(queue, { durable: false });

    // 绑定队列,匹配 country=US 和 currency=USD
    const bindingHeaders = {
      country: 'US',
      currency: 'USD'
    };

    await channel.bindQueue(q.queue, exchange, '', { headers: bindingHeaders, 'x-match': 'all' });

    console.log(` [*] Waiting for US orders with headers ${JSON.stringify(bindingHeaders)}. To exit press CTRL+C`);

    channel.consume(q.queue, (msg) => {
      if (msg.content) {
        console.log(` [x] Received US order: ${msg.content.toString()}`);
      }
    }, { noAck: true });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

consumeUSOrders();
5.2.2 EU Orders Consumer
javascript 复制代码
// headers_consumer_eu.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function consumeEUOrders() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'headers_orders';
    const queue = 'eu_orders';

    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'headers', { durable: false });
    const q = await channel.assertQueue(queue, { durable: false });

    // 绑定队列,匹配 country=EU 和 currency=EUR
    const bindingHeaders = {
      country: 'EU',
      currency: 'EUR'
    };

    await channel.bindQueue(q.queue, exchange, '', { headers: bindingHeaders, 'x-match': 'all' });

    console.log(` [*] Waiting for EU orders with headers ${JSON.stringify(bindingHeaders)}. To exit press CTRL+C`);

    channel.consume(q.queue, (msg) => {
      if (msg.content) {
        console.log(` [x] Received EU order: ${msg.content.toString()}`);
      }
    }, { noAck: true });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

consumeEUOrders();
5.3 运行示例
  1. 启动消费者:
bash 复制代码
node headers_consumer_us.js
node headers_consumer_eu.js
  1. 发送订单消息:
bash 复制代码
node headers_publisher.js

预期输出

  • US Orders Consumer 会接收到订单消息。
  • EU Orders Consumer 不会接收到该消息,除非发送的消息包含 country: EUcurrency: EUR

发送 EU 订单消息

修改 headers_publisher.js 中的 headers 为:

javascript 复制代码
const headers = {
  country: 'EU',
  currency: 'EUR'
};

然后重新发送:

bash 复制代码
node headers_publisher.js

预期输出

  • EU Orders Consumer 会接收到订单消息。
  • US Orders Consumer 不会接收到该消息。

5.4 总结

Headers Exchange 通过匹配消息头属性进行路由,适用于复杂的路由需求。它提供了更高的灵活性,但相比其他交换器类型,配置和使用稍显复杂。


5. Fanout Exchange

Fanout Exchange 会将接收到的消息广播到所有绑定的队列,无视路由键。它类似于广播机制,适用于需要将消息发送给所有订阅者的场景。

适用场景

  • 实时通知:如系统广播通知、聊天消息。
  • 日志收集:将日志消息发送到多个日志处理系统。

示例:实时聊天系统

假设我们有一个实时聊天系统,所有用户都能接收到所有发送的消息。

6.1 生产者(Publisher)
javascript 复制代码
// fanout_publisher.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function publishMessage() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'fanout_chat';
    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'fanout', { durable: false });

    const message = process.argv.slice(2).join(' ') || 'Hello Chat!';

    channel.publish(exchange, '', Buffer.from(message));
    console.log(` [x] Sent: ${message}`);

    setTimeout(() => {
      channel.close();
      connection.close();
    }, 500);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

publishMessage();

使用方法

bash 复制代码
node fanout_publisher.js "Hello everyone!"
6.2 消费者(Consumer)

我们将创建多个消费者,模拟不同的聊天客户端接收消息。

6.2.1 Chat Client 1
javascript 复制代码
// fanout_consumer1.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function consumeChat() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'fanout_chat';
    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'fanout', { durable: false });

    const q = await channel.assertQueue('', { exclusive: true });
    await channel.bindQueue(q.queue, exchange, '');

    console.log(` [*] Chat Client 1 waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C`);

    channel.consume(q.queue, (msg) => {
      if (msg.content) {
        console.log(` [Chat Client 1] Received: ${msg.content.toString()}`);
      }
    }, { noAck: true });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

consumeChat();
6.2.2 Chat Client 2
javascript 复制代码
// fanout_consumer2.js
const amqp = require('amqplib');

async function consumeChat() {
  try {
    const connection = await amqp.connect('amqp://localhost');
    const channel = await connection.createChannel();

    const exchange = 'fanout_chat';
    await channel.assertExchange(exchange, 'fanout', { durable: false });

    const q = await channel.assertQueue('', { exclusive: true });
    await channel.bindQueue(q.queue, exchange, '');

    console.log(` [*] Chat Client 2 waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C`);

    channel.consume(q.queue, (msg) => {
      if (msg.content) {
        console.log(` [Chat Client 2] Received: ${msg.content.toString()}`);
      }
    }, { noAck: true });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

consumeChat();
6.3 运行示例
  1. 启动消费者:
bash 复制代码
node fanout_consumer1.js
node fanout_consumer2.js
  1. 发送聊天消息:
bash 复制代码
node fanout_publisher.js "Hello everyone!"

预期输出

  • Chat Client 1Chat Client 2 都会接收到 "Hello everyone!" 消息。

6.4 总结

Fanout Exchange 提供了简单的广播机制,适用于需要将消息发送给所有订阅者的场景。它不需要路由键,配置简单,但缺乏灵活性。


6. 总结

  • Direct Exchange:适用于基于精确路由键匹配的场景,如任务分发和日志记录。
  • Topic Exchange:适用于需要基于模式匹配的灵活路由场景,如实时新闻发布和分类消息系统。
  • Headers Exchange:适用于需要基于多个消息头属性进行复杂路由的场景,如多条件订单处理。
  • Fanout Exchange:适用于需要广播消息给所有订阅者的场景,如实时聊天系统和日志广播。
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