
一、Scrapy框架概述
Scrapy是一个为了爬取网站数据,提取结构性数据而编写的应用框架,它提供了强大的数据提取能力、灵活的扩展机制以及高效的异步处理性能。其核心架构包括:
- Engine:控制所有组件之间的数据流,当某个动作发生时触发事件
- Scheduler:接收Engine发送的请求并入队,当Engine请求时返回给Engine
- Downloader:负责下载网页内容并将结果返回给Spider
- Spider:用户编写的用于分析响应、提取项目和额外URL的类
- Item Pipeline:负责处理Spider提取的项目,进行数据清洗、验证和存储
二、项目环境搭建
首先,我们需要安装Scrapy和相关的依赖库:
对于分布式爬虫,我们还需要安装和配置Redis服务器作为调度队列。
三、创建Scrapy项目
使用Scrapy命令行工具创建项目:
plain
scrapy startproject kuaikan_crawler
cd kuaikan_crawler
scrapy genspider kuaikan www.kuaikanmanhua.com
四、定义数据模型
在items.py中定义我们需要抓取的数据结构:
plain
import scrapy
class ComicItem(scrapy.Item):
title = scrapy.Field() # 漫画标题
author = scrapy.Field() # 作者
description = scrapy.Field() # 描述
cover_url = scrapy.Field() # 封面URL
tags = scrapy.Field() # 标签
likes = scrapy.Field() # 喜欢数
comments = scrapy.Field() # 评论数
chapters = scrapy.Field() # 章节列表
source_url = scrapy.Field() # 源URL
crawl_time = scrapy.Field() # 爬取时间
五、编写爬虫核心逻辑
在spiders/kuaikan.py中编写爬虫的主要逻辑:
plain
import scrapy
import json
from kuaikan_crawler.items import ComicItem
from urllib.parse import urljoin
class KuaikanSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'kuaikan'
allowed_domains = ['www.kuaikanmanhua.com']
start_urls = ['https://www.kuaikanmanhua.com/web/topic/all/']
def parse(self, response):
# 解析漫画列表页
comics = response.css('.TopicList .topic-item')
for comic in comics:
detail_url = comic.css('a::attr(href)').get()
if detail_url:
yield scrapy.Request(
url=urljoin(response.url, detail_url),
callback=self.parse_comic_detail
)
# 分页处理
next_page = response.css('.next-page::attr(href)').get()
if next_page:
yield scrapy.Request(
url=urljoin(response.url, next_page),
callback=self.parse
)
def parse_comic_detail(self, response):
# 解析漫画详情页
item = ComicItem()
# 提取基本信息
item['title'] = response.css('.comic-title::text').get()
item['author'] = response.css('.author-name::text').get()
item['description'] = response.css('.comic-description::text').get()
item['cover_url'] = response.css('.cover img::attr(src)').get()
item['tags'] = response.css('.tags .tag::text').getall()
item['likes'] = response.css('.like-count::text').get()
item['comments'] = response.css('.comment-count::text').get()
item['source_url'] = response.url
item['crawl_time'] = datetime.now().isoformat()
# 提取章节信息
chapters = []
for chapter in response.css('.chapter-list li'):
chapter_info = {
'title': chapter.css('.chapter-title::text').get(),
'url': urljoin(response.url, chapter.css('a::attr(href)').get()),
'update_time': chapter.css('.update-time::text').get()
}
chapters.append(chapter_info)
item['chapters'] = chapters
yield item
六、实现分布式爬虫
为了将爬虫转换为分布式模式,我们需要使用scrapy-redis组件:
- 修改settings.py配置文件:
plain
# 启用scrapy-redis调度器
SCHEDULER = "scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler"
# 启用去重过滤器
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter"
# 设置Redis连接
REDIS_URL = 'redis://localhost:6379/0'
# 保持Redis队列不清空,允许暂停/恢复爬取
SCHEDULER_PERSIST = True
# 设置Item Pipeline
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 300,
'kuaikan_crawler.pipelines.MongoPipeline': 400,
}
- 修改爬虫代码,继承RedisSpider:
plain
from scrapy_redis.spiders import RedisSpider
class DistributedKuaikanSpider(RedisSpider):
name = 'distributed_kuaikan'
redis_key = 'kuaikan:start_urls'
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(DistributedKuaikanSpider, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.allowed_domains = ['www.kuaikanmanhua.com']
def parse(self, response):
# 解析逻辑与之前相同
pass
七、数据存储管道
创建MongoDB存储管道,在pipelines.py中:
plain
import pymongo
from scrapy import settings
class MongoPipeline:
def __init__(self, mongo_uri, mongo_db):
self.mongo_uri = mongo_uri
self.mongo_db = mongo_db
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls(
mongo_uri=crawler.settings.get('MONGO_URI'),
mongo_db=crawler.settings.get('MONGO_DATABASE', 'scrapy')
)
def open_spider(self, spider):
self.client = pymongo.MongoClient(self.mongo_uri)
self.db = self.client[self.mongo_db]
def close_spider(self, spider):
self.client.close()
def process_item(self, item, spider):
collection_name = item.__class__.__name__
self.db[collection_name].insert_one(dict(item))
return item
在settings.py中添加MongoDB配置:
plain
MONGO_URI = 'mongodb://localhost:27017'
MONGO_DATABASE = 'kuaikan_comics'
八、中间件与反爬虫策略
为了应对网站的反爬虫机制,我们需要添加一些中间件:
plain
# 在middlewares.py中添加随机User-Agent中间件
import random
from scrapy import signals
class RandomUserAgentMiddleware:
def __init__(self, user_agents):
self.user_agents = user_agents
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls(
user_agents=crawler.settings.get('USER_AGENTS', [])
)
def process_request(self, request, spider):
request.headers['User-Agent'] = random.choice(self.user_agents)
# 在settings.py中配置用户代理列表
USER_AGENTS = [
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/605.1.15',
# 添加更多用户代理...
]
总结
本文详细介绍了如何使用Scrapy框架构建一个高效的分布式漫画爬虫。通过结合Scrapy-Redis实现分布式抓取,使用MongoDB进行数据存储,以及实施多种反反爬虫策略,我们能够构建一个稳定高效的爬虫系统。这种架构不仅可以应用于漫画网站,经过适当修改后也可以用于其他各种类型的网站数据抓取任务。