C++语言特性32 - 三方比较(C++20)

一：概述

在 C++20 中，引入了一个新的比较运算符 <=>。表达式形如 a <=> b，它的返回值不是简单的 bool，而是一个"比较结果对象"。（比较类别 --- comparison category object），根据 a 与 b 的大小/相等关系，返回不同结果。具体来说：如果 a < b，那么 (a <=> b) < 0；如果 a > b，那么 (a <=> b) > 0；如果 a == b（或等价 / 相等 / 等价关系成立），那么 (a <=> b) == 0。

二：例子

#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    static_assert(sizeof(unsigned char) < sizeof(int),
                  "Cannot compare signed and smaller unsigned properly");
    int a = -1;
    int b = 1;
    unsigned int c = 1;
    unsigned char d = 1;
 
    std::cout << std::boolalpha
              << "Comparing two signed values:\n"
                 " -1 == 1 ? " << (a == b) << "\n"
                 " -1 <  1 ? " << (a <  b) << "\n"
                 " -1 >  1 ? " << (a >  b) << "\n"
                 "Comparing signed and unsigned:\n"
                 // may issue different-signedness warning:
                 " -1 == 1 ? " << (a == c) << "\n"
                 // may issue different-signedness warning:
                 " -1 <  1 ? " << (a <  c) << "\n"
                 // may issue different-signedness warning:
                 " -1 >  1 ? " << (a >  c) << "\n"
                 "Comparing signed and smaller unsigned:\n"
                 " -1 == 1 ? " << (a == d) << "\n"
                 " -1 <  1 ? " << (a <  d) << "\n"
                 " -1 >  1 ? " << (a >  d) << '\n';
}

#include <iostream>
 
struct Foo
{
    int n1;
    int n2;
};
 
union Union
{
    int n;
    double d;
};
 
int main()
{
    std::cout << std::boolalpha;
 
    char a[4] = "abc";
    char* p1 = &a[1];
    char* p2 = &a[2];
    std::cout << "Pointers to array elements:\n"
              << "p1 == p2? " << (p1 == p2) << '\n'
              << "p1 <  p2? " << (p1 <  p2) << '\n';
 
    Foo f;
    int* p3 = &f.n1;
    int* p4 = &f.n2;
    std::cout << "Pointers to members of a class:\n"
              << "p3 == p4? " << (p3 == p4) << '\n'
              << "p3 <  p4? " << (p3 <  p4) << '\n';
 
    Union u;
    int* p5 = &u.n;
    double* p6 = &u.d;
    std::cout << "Pointers to members of a union:\n"
              << "p5 == (void*)p6? " << (p5 == (void*)p6) << '\n'
              << "p5 <  (void*)p6? " << (p5 <  (void*)p6) << '\n';
}