企业级高可用电商平台实战项目设计

dustcell.2026-03-28 8:12

一、项目定位

项目名称：企业级分布式电商平台（支持秒杀、商品管理、订单、支付、用户中心）

核心目标：高可用（99.99%）、高并发、水平扩展、容器化部署、无单点故障

适用场景：中小型电商企业、互联网服务平台，可支撑万级并发

二、整体架构设计（企业标准四层架构）

架构核心优势：

  1. 无单点故障：LVS/HAProxy/MySQL全主备高可用

  2. 动静分离：Nginx处理静态资源，Tomcat专注业务逻辑

  3. 容器化运维：Docker一键部署、扩容、迁移

  4. 读写分离：MySQL主从架构提升数据库性能

网络架构设计

三、技术栈分工

技术 核心作用
LVS 四层负载均衡，承载百万级连接，性能最强
Keepalived 实现 VIP 漂移，所有负载均衡 / 数据库高可用
HAProxy 七层负载均衡，支持 HTTP/HTTPS、会话保持
Nginx 静态资源服务器、反向代理、SSL 终端
Tomcat Java 后端服务容器（业务核心）
Redis 分布式缓存、分布式锁、秒杀队列、会话共享
MySQL 关系型数据库，主从复制 + 读写分离
Docker 容器化打包、标准化部署、服务编排

四、项目模块划分

  1. 前端模块

商品首页、商品详情、购物车、订单、支付、用户中心

静态资源（HTML/CSS/JS/图片）由 Nginx直接托管

  1. 后端核心服务（Tomcat运行）

1.用户服务：注册、登录、Token认证

2.商品服务：商品增删改查、分类、搜索

3.购物车服务：Redis存储购物车，高性能

4.订单服务：订单创建、状态管理、防重复提交

5.秒杀服务：Redis限流+分布式锁，高并发核心

6.支付服务：对接第三方支付（模拟）

  1. 数据服务

MySQL：持久化用户、订单、商品数据

Redis：缓存热点商品、秒杀库存、会话、购物车

五、高可用部署方案

  1. 负载均衡层（高可用）

2台 LVS + Keepalived：一主一备，提供VIP，主节点挂了自动移到备机

2台 HAProxy + Keepalived：承接LVS流量，做七层转发，健康检查后端服务

作用：流量统一入口，自动剔除故障节点

  1. Web应用层

多台 Nginx + Tomcat Docker集群

Nginx反向代理Tomcat，动静分离 - 支持水平扩容：增加Docker容器即可提升并发

  1. 缓存层

Redis主从+哨兵模式（高可用）

缓存热点商品、秒杀库存、用户会话 - 避免缓存穿透、击穿、雪崩

  1. 数据库层

MySQL主从复制 + 读写分离

主库：写入（订单、支付）

从库：读取（商品、用户信息

定时备份，保证数据安全

六、核心实战功能

  1. 高可用秒杀系统

Redis预减库存 + 分布式锁 - 限流、防刷、防超卖 - 异步订单处理，高并发支撑

  1. 完整电商业务流程

用户注册 → 登录 → 浏览商品 → 加入购物车 → 下单 → 支付 → 订单查询

  1. 分布式会话共享

所有Tomcat会话存入Redis - 负载均衡切换节点不丢失登录状态

  1. 服务健康检查&自动故障剔除

HAProxy自动检查Nginx/Tomcat状态 - 宕机服务自动下线，不影响用户使用

  1. 容器化一键部署

所有服务封装Docker镜像，一条命令启动整套环境

七、服务器规划（企业标准最小部署）

共 8台服务器

  1. LVS主节点

  2. LVS备节点

  3. HAProxy主节点

  4. HAProxy备节点

  5. Nginx+Tomcat集群节点1

  6. Nginx+Tomcat集群节点2

  7. MySQL主从服务器

  8. Redis高可用服务器

学习环境可缩为3台：LVS+HAProxy合并、Web合并、数据库+缓存合并

八、部署流程（实战步骤）

实验环境限制缩为3台，在虚拟机中进行：LVS+HAProxy合并、Web合并、数据库+缓存合并

1. 环境设置：

1）关闭防火墙和selinux
bash 复制代码 
systemctl stop firewalld && systemctl disable firewalld
setenforce 0
sed -i 's/SELINUX=enforcing/SELINUX=disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
2）利用阿里云部署软件仓库安装docker

部署软件仓库

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# cat > /etc/yum.repos.d/docker1.repo << EOF
> [docker1]
> name = docker1
> baseurl = https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/rhel/9.6/x86_64/stable/
> gpgcheck = 0
> EOF

安装

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# dnf install docker-ce -y


已安装:
  containerd.io-2.2.2-1.el9.x86_64                      docker-buildx-plugin-0.31.1-1.el9.x86_64        
  docker-ce-3:29.3.0-1.el9.x86_64                       docker-ce-cli-1:29.3.0-1.el9.x86_64             
  docker-ce-rootless-extras-29.3.0-1.el9.x86_64         docker-compose-plugin-5.1.1-1.el9.x86_64        

完毕！
[root@mysql ~]#

修改配置给 Docker 做内核网络优化和开机自启

1️⃣ 修改 Docker 启动文件

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# vim /lib/systemd/system/docker.service 
15   ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd -H fd:// --containerd=/run/containerd/containerd.sock --iptables=true

让Docker 自动管理 iptables 规则

2️⃣ 加载网桥过滤内核模块

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# echo br_netfilter > /etc/modules-load.d/docker_mod.conf
[root@mysql ~]# modprobe -a br_netfilter

  • br_netfilter = Linux 网桥防火墙模块

  • 必须加载，否则 Docker 容器无法跨主机通信、无法访问外网

  • 写入配置文件 → 开机自动加载

3️⃣ 配置内核网络参数

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# vim /etc/sysctl.d/docker.conf
[root@mysql ~]# cat /etc/sysctl.d/docker.conf
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

  • bridge-nf-call-iptables=1让网桥流量走 iptables，容器端口映射生效

  • net.ipv4.ip_forward=1开启 IP 转发，容器才能访问外网、跨网段通信

4️⃣ 让内核参数立即生效

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# sysctl --system

5️⃣ 设置 Docker 开机自启 + 立即启动

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# systemctl enable --now docker
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service.

上述步骤的脚本如下

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# vim docker_optimize.sh

#!/bin/bash
# Docker 生产环境内核&网络一键优化脚本
# 自动配置：br_netfilter、ip_forward、iptables、开机自启

# 1. 加载内核模块并开机自启
echo "===== 加载网桥内核模块 ====="
echo br_netfilter > /etc/modules-load.d/docker_mod.conf
modprobe -a br_netfilter

# 2. 配置内核网络参数
echo "===== 配置内核转发参数 ====="
cat > /etc/sysctl.d/docker.conf <<EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
EOF

# 3. 立即生效内核参数
sysctl --system

# 4. 确保 Docker 开启 iptables 管理
echo "===== 优化 Docker 启动参数 ====="
sed -i 's|^ExecStart=.*|ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd -H fd:// --containerd=/run/containerd/containerd.sock --iptables=true|' /lib/systemd/system/docker.service

# 5. 重启 Docker 生效
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable --now docker
systemctl restart docker

echo "===== Docker 优化完成！✅ ====="
docker -v
echo "内核转发状态："
sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward
3）镜像获取

1.编辑/etc/docker/daemon.json文件，配置 Docker 使用国内镜像加速器

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# vim /etc/docker/daemon.json

{
  "registry-mirrors": [
    "https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn",
    "https://hub-mirror.c.163.com",
    "https://mirror.baidubce.com",
    "https://docker.m.daocloud.io"
  ]
}

2.然后重启 Docker

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@mysql ~]# systemctl restart docker

3.下载需要的镜像，失败就多试几次

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# docker pull redis:6.2
6.2: Pulling from library/redis
3fd7bd98ca65: Pull complete 
6db0909c4473: Pull complete 
a98ade17d30a: Pull complete 
d6bbd0ad0c69: Pull complete 
2eaae5f5db7a: Pull complete 
ff40afe00f2c: Pull complete 
5061fdecd88b: Pull complete 
4f4fb700ef54: Pull complete 
ba976514744f: Download complete 
d1201f450c52: Download complete 
Digest: sha256:83a75a9107fae42b4407232299be484b2367c402376511d178672feb9cc8eb24
Status: Downloaded newer image for redis:6.2
docker.io/library/redis:6.2
[root@mysql ~]#

4.保存为tar包，方便复制到其他机器

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# docker save -o redis-6.2.tar redis:6.2 
[root@mysql ~]# docker save -o tomcat-9.tar tomcat:9 
[root@mysql ~]# ll
总用量 976352
-rw-------. 1 root root      1000  1月 14 18:32 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--  1 root root      1031  3月 24 10:10 docker_optimize.sh
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 798737408  3月 24 16:24 mysql-8.0.tar
-rw-------  1 root root  42622976  3月 27 02:26 redis-6.2.tar
-rw-------  1 root root 158410240  3月 27 02:36 tomcat-9.tar
[root@mysql ~]#
4）ip划分

（172.25.254.0/24 内网段，192.168.1.0/24外网VIP段）

MySQL主从、Redis主从+哨兵：172.25.254.10

LVS+Keepalived、HAProxy+Keepalived：172.25.254.20

Nginx+Tomcat Docker集群：172.25.254.30

VIP规划：

192.168.1.100（LVS虚拟IP）、192.168.1.200（HAProxy虚拟IP）

2.数据库服务：MySQL主从复制+读写分离部署

1）加载mysql服务镜像
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# ll
总用量 780028
-rw-------. 1 root root      1000  1月 14 18:32 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--  1 root root      1031  3月 24 10:10 docker_optimize.sh
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 798737408  3月 24 16:24 mysql-8.0.tar
[root@mysql ~]# docker load -i mysql-8.0.tar
Loaded image: mysql:8.0
[root@mysql ~]# docker images
                                                                                    i Info →   U  In Use
IMAGE       ID             DISK USAGE   CONTENT SIZE   EXTRA
mysql:8.0   bb3c7d314bcc       1.62GB          799MB        
[root@mysql ~]#
2）创建存放数据的目录
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# mkdir -p /data/mysql/master /data/mysql/slave
[root@mysql ~]# cd /data/mysql/
[root@mysql mysql]# ll
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6  3月 24 16:22 master
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6  3月 24 16:22 slave
[root@mysql mysql]
3）在mysql目录下创建docker-compose.yml文件（方便管理）
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# cd /data/mysql/
[root@mysql mysql]# vim docker-compose.yml
[root@mysql mysql]# cat docker-compose.yml 
services:
  mysql-master:
    image: mysql:8.0
    container_name: mysql-master
    ports:
      - "172.25.254.10:3306:3306"
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root123
      MYSQL_ROOT_HOST: '%'
      TZ: Asia/Shanghai
    volumes:
      - ./master-data:/var/lib/mysql
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro
    # 数组格式：每个参数独立，最可靠
    command:
      - --server-id=1
      - --gtid-mode=ON
      - --enforce-gtid-consistency=ON
      - --bind-address=0.0.0.0
      - --character-set-server=utf8mb4
      - --collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci
      - --default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password
    networks:
      - mysql-net
    restart: unless-stopped
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "mysqladmin", "-uroot", "-proot123", "ping"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 3

  mysql-slave:
    image: mysql:8.0
    container_name: mysql-slave
    ports:
      - "172.25.254.10:3307:3306"
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root123
      MYSQL_ROOT_HOST: '%'
      TZ: Asia/Shanghai
    volumes:
      - ./slave-data:/var/lib/mysql
      - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro
    command:
      - --server-id=2
      - --gtid-mode=ON
      - --enforce-gtid-consistency=ON
      - --bind-address=0.0.0.0
      - --character-set-server=utf8mb4
      - --collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci
      - --default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password
    networks:
      - mysql-net
    restart: unless-stopped
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "mysqladmin", "-uroot", "-proot123", "ping"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 3

networks:
  mysql-net:
    driver: bridge

[root@mysql mysql]#
bash 复制代码 
注释：
--server-id=1
作用：给 MySQL 一个唯一身份证号
主从架构里，每台 MySQL 必须有不同编号
主库写 1
从库写 2

--gtid-mode=ON
作用：开启 GTID 主从模式
GTID = 全局事务 ID

--enforce-gtid-consistency=ON
作用：强制 GTID 事务一致性
保证主从数据绝对一致，
不让执行会破坏主从一致性的 SQL。


networks:
  mysql-net:
Compose 就会自动创建一个虚拟网络，容器名可以直接当 IP 用

检测

bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql mysql]# docker compose config
name: mysql
services:
  mysql-master:
    command:
      - --server-id=1
      - --gtid-mode=ON
      - --enforce-gtid-consistency=ON
      - --bind-address=0.0.0.0
      - --character-set-server=utf8mb4
      - --collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci
      - --default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password
    container_name: mysql-master
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_HOST: '%'
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root123
      TZ: Asia/Shanghai
    healthcheck:
      test:
        - CMD
        - mysqladmin
        - -uroot
        - -proot123
        - ping
      timeout: 5s
      interval: 10s
      retries: 3
    image: mysql:8.0
    networks:
      mysql-net: null
    ports:
      - mode: ingress
        host_ip: 172.25.254.10
        target: 3306
        published: "3306"
        protocol: tcp
    restart: unless-stopped
    volumes:
      - type: bind
        source: /data/mysql/master-data
        target: /var/lib/mysql
        bind: {}
      - type: bind
        source: /etc/localtime
        target: /etc/localtime
        read_only: true
        bind: {}
  mysql-slave:
    command:
      - --server-id=2
      - --gtid-mode=ON
      - --enforce-gtid-consistency=ON
      - --bind-address=0.0.0.0
      - --character-set-server=utf8mb4
      - --collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci
      - --default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password
    container_name: mysql-slave
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_HOST: '%'
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root123
      TZ: Asia/Shanghai
    healthcheck:
      test:
        - CMD
        - mysqladmin
        - -uroot
        - -proot123
        - ping
      timeout: 5s
      interval: 10s
      retries: 3
    image: mysql:8.0
    networks:
      mysql-net: null
    ports:
      - mode: ingress
        host_ip: 172.25.254.10
        target: 3306
        published: "3307"
        protocol: tcp
    restart: unless-stopped
    volumes:
      - type: bind
        source: /data/mysql/slave-data
        target: /var/lib/mysql
        bind: {}
      - type: bind
        source: /etc/localtime
        target: /etc/localtime
        read_only: true
        bind: {}
networks:
  mysql-net:
    name: mysql_mysql-net
    driver: bridge
[root@mysql mysql]# docker images
启动
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql mysql]# docker compose up -d
[+] up 3/3
 ✔ Network mysql_default  Created                                                                    0.0s
 ✔ Container mysql-slave  Started                                                                    0.5s
 ✔ Container mysql-master Started                                                                    0.4s
[root@mysql mysql]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE       COMMAND                   CREATED          STATUS          PORTS                                                    NAMES
802041c93246   mysql:8.0   "docker-entrypoint.s..."   10 seconds ago   Up 10 seconds   0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp, [::]:3306->3306/tcp, 33060/tcp   mysql-master
c99430680c8a   mysql:8.0   "docker-entrypoint.s..."   10 seconds ago   Up 10 seconds   33060/tcp, 0.0.0.0:3307->3306/tcp, [::]:3307->3306/tcp   mysql-slave
[root@mysql mysql]#
4）配置主从同步
bash 复制代码 
主库创建复制账号
[root@mysql mysql]# docker exec mysql-master mysql -uroot -proot123 -e "CREATE USER 'repl'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'repl123'; GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'repl'@'%'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.


从库连接主库
[root@mysql mysql]# docker exec mysql-slave mysql -uroot -proot123 -e "
CHANGE MASTER TO
MASTER_HOST='mysql-master',
MASTER_USER='repl',
MASTER_PASSWORD='repl123',
MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1,
GET_MASTER_PUBLIC_KEY=1;
START SLAVE;
"
GET_MASTER_PUBLIC_KEY=1
因为 MySQL 8.0 默认用了新的加密认证
主从复制必须 获取主库公钥 才能登录
5）检查是否启动
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql mysql]# ss -tlnp | grep 3306
LISTEN 0      4096   172.25.254.10:3306      0.0.0.0:*    users:(("docker-proxy",pid=2261,fd=8))



[root@mysql mysql]# docker exec mysql-slave mysql -uroot -proot123 -e "show slave status\G" | grep Running
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Replica has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
[root@mysql mysql]# docker exec mysql-slave mysql -uroot -proot123 -e "show slave status\G" | grep -E "(Running|Master)"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
                  Master_Host: mysql-master
                  Master_User: repl
                  Master_Port: 3306
              Master_Log_File: binlog.000003
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 197
        Relay_Master_Log_File: binlog.000003
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 197
           Master_SSL_Allowed: No
           Master_SSL_CA_File: 
           Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
              Master_SSL_Cert: 
            Master_SSL_Cipher: 
               Master_SSL_Key: 
        Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
             Master_Server_Id: 1
                  Master_UUID: f0a30015-275e-11f1-9ed9-46c3e1178669
             Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Replica has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
           Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                  Master_Bind: 
               Master_SSL_Crl: 
           Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
           Master_TLS_Version: 
       Master_public_key_path:
6）读写分离测试
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# docker exec mysql-master mysql -uroot -proot123 -e "create database shop; use shop; create table user(id int);"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@mysql ~]# docker exec mysql-slave mysql -uroot -proot123 -e "use shop; show tables;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Tables_in_shop
user
[root@mysql ~]

3. 缓存服务：部署Redis主从+哨兵

1.创建目录
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql ~]# mkdir -p /data/redis/{master,slave,sentinel1,sentinel2,sentinel3}
cd /data/redis
[root@mysql redis]# ll
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6  3月 27 14:40 master
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6  3月 27 14:40 sentinel1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6  3月 27 14:40 sentinel2
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6  3月 27 14:40 sentinel3
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6  3月 27 14:40 slave
[root@mysql redis]#
2.编辑docker-compose.yml
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql redis]# vim docker-compose.yml
[root@mysql redis]# cat docker-compose.yml 
services:
  redis-master:
    image: redis:6.2
    container_name: redis-master
    ports:
      - "172.25.254.10:6379:6379"  # 绑定内网IP
    volumes:
      - ./master:/data
    command: redis-server --appendonly yes --requirepass redis123 --masterauth redis123 --bind 0.0.0.0

  redis-slave:
    image: redis:6.2
    container_name: redis-slave
    ports:
      - "172.25.254.10:6380:6379"
    volumes:
      - ./slave:/data
    command: redis-server --appendonly yes --slaveof 172.25.254.10 6379 --requirepass redis123 --masterauth redis123 --bind 0.0.0.0

  sentinel1:
    image: redis:6.2
    container_name: sentinel1
    ports:
      - "172.25.254.10:26379:26379"
    volumes:
      - ./sentinel1:/data
    command: redis-sentinel /data/sentinel.conf

  sentinel2:
    image: redis:6.2
    container_name: sentinel2
    ports:
      - "172.25.254.10:26380:26379"
    volumes:
      - ./sentinel2:/data
    command: redis-sentinel /data/sentinel.conf

  sentinel3:
    image: redis:6.2
    container_name: sentinel3
    ports:
      - "172.25.254.10:26381:26379"
    volumes:
      - ./sentinel3:/data
    command: redis-sentinel /data/sentinel.conf
3.生成哨兵配置（监控主库172.25.254.10:6379）
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql redis]# for i in 1 2 3; do
dir="/data/redis/sentinel$i"
mkdir -p $dir
cat > $dir/sentinel.conf << EOF
port 26379
dir /tmp
sentinel monitor mymaster 172.25.254.10 6379 2
sentinel down-after-milliseconds mymaster 5000
sentinel parallel-syncs mymaster 1
sentinel failover-timeout mymaster 10000
sentinel auth-pass mymaster redis123
bind 0.0.0.0
EOF
done
4.启动并检测
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql redis]# docker compose up -d
[+] up 6/6
 ✔ Network redis_default  Created                                                                    0.0s
 ✔ Container redis-slave  Started                                                                    0.6s
 ✔ Container sentinel2    Started                                                                    0.6s
 ✔ Container sentinel1    Started                                                                    0.5s
 ✔ Container sentinel3    Started                                                                    0.6s
 ✔ Container redis-master Started                                                                    0.5s
[root@mysql redis]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE       COMMAND                   CREATED          STATUS                 PORTS                                      NAMES
ec4c7357aab8   redis:6.2   "docker-entrypoint.s..."   15 seconds ago   Up 14 seconds          6379/tcp, 172.25.254.10:26379->26379/tcp   sentinel1
d8de6a4e6e52   redis:6.2   "docker-entrypoint.s..."   15 seconds ago   Up 14 seconds          6379/tcp, 172.25.254.10:26380->26379/tcp   sentinel2
8465647e60f5   redis:6.2   "docker-entrypoint.s..."   15 seconds ago   Up 14 seconds          172.25.254.10:6379->6379/tcp               redis-master
f1f8b30d791c   redis:6.2   "docker-entrypoint.s..."   15 seconds ago   Up 14 seconds          6379/tcp, 172.25.254.10:26381->26379/tcp   sentinel3
b6eed000e3ba   redis:6.2   "docker-entrypoint.s..."   15 seconds ago   Up 14 seconds          172.25.254.10:6380->6379/tcp               redis-slave
c7c4603b81cf   mysql:8.0   "docker-entrypoint.s..."   2 hours ago      Up 2 hours (healthy)   172.25.254.10:3306->3306/tcp, 33060/tcp    mysql-master
fd581481637b   mysql:8.0   "docker-entrypoint.s..."   2 hours ago      Up 2 hours (healthy)   33060/tcp, 172.25.254.10:3307->3306/tcp    mysql-slave
[root@mysql redis]#
5.验证
redis主从验证
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql redis]# docker exec redis-master redis-cli -a redis123 info replication
Warning: Using a password with '-a' or '-u' option on the command line interface may not be safe.
# Replication
role:master
connected_slaves:1
slave0:ip=172.20.0.1,port=6379,state=online,offset=14183,lag=1
master_failover_state:no-failover
master_replid:736a6ec6338f36540290a0f80d488f771dc9f32b
master_replid2:0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
master_repl_offset:14183
second_repl_offset:-1
repl_backlog_active:1
repl_backlog_size:1048576
repl_backlog_first_byte_offset:1
repl_backlog_histlen:14183
[root@mysql redis]#
哨兵模式验证
  1. 检查哨兵是否监控到主库
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql redis]# docker exec sentinel1 redis-cli -p 26379 sentinel master mymaster
name
mymaster
ip
172.25.254.10
port
6379
runid
e3e783802269b22fae05e52b7bc3d3b3c66c7c67
flags
master
link-pending-commands
0
link-refcount
1
last-ping-sent
0
last-ok-ping-reply
738
last-ping-reply
738
down-after-milliseconds
5000
info-refresh
9686
role-reported
master
role-reported-time
382133
config-epoch
0
num-slaves
1
num-other-sentinels
2
quorum
2
failover-timeout
10000
parallel-syncs
1
  1. 查看哨兵集群状态（应该显示3个哨兵）
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql redis]# docker exec sentinel1 redis-cli -p 26379 sentinel sentinels mymaster
name
800f044f099138f1486b6bc7efdc2f39176c8df4
ip
172.20.0.6
port
26379
runid
800f044f099138f1486b6bc7efdc2f39176c8df4
flags
sentinel
link-pending-commands
0
link-refcount
1
last-ping-sent
0
last-ok-ping-reply
244
last-ping-reply
244
down-after-milliseconds
5000
last-hello-message
141
voted-leader
?
voted-leader-epoch
0
name
39a3b88a6d52990dd275870ac3cd6e926337bc1e
ip
172.20.0.4
port
26379
runid
39a3b88a6d52990dd275870ac3cd6e926337bc1e
flags
sentinel
link-pending-commands
0
link-refcount
1
last-ping-sent
0
last-ok-ping-reply
143
last-ping-reply
143
down-after-milliseconds
5000
last-hello-message
1985
voted-leader
?
voted-leader-epoch
0
[root@mysql redis]#
  1. 查看当前主库信息
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql redis]# docker exec sentinel1 redis-cli -p 26379 SENTINEL get-master-addr-by-name mymaster
172.25.254.10
6379
  1. 查看哨兵日志（确认无报错）
bash 复制代码 
[root@mysql redis]# docker logs sentinel1 | tail -20
1:X 27 Mar 2026 07:05:03.399 # oO0OoO0OoO0Oo Redis is starting oO0OoO0OoO0Oo
1:X 27 Mar 2026 07:05:03.399 # Redis version=6.2.21, bits=64, commit=00000000, modified=0, pid=1, just started
1:X 27 Mar 2026 07:05:03.399 # Configuration loaded
1:X 27 Mar 2026 07:05:03.399 * Increased maximum number of open files to 10032 (it was originally set to 1024).
1:X 27 Mar 2026 07:05:03.399 * monotonic clock: POSIX clock_gettime
1:X 27 Mar 2026 07:05:03.400 * Running mode=sentinel, port=26379.
1:X 27 Mar 2026 07:05:03.404 # Sentinel ID is 6466c4f8e7d5974029b6e8469da0eebcbaeff1d3
1:X 27 Mar 2026 07:05:03.404 # +monitor master mymaster 172.25.254.10 6379 quorum 2
1:X 27 Mar 2026 07:05:04.451 * +slave slave 172.20.0.1:6379 172.20.0.1 6379 @ mymaster 172.25.254.10 6379
1:X 27 Mar 2026 07:05:05.519 * +sentinel sentinel 39a3b88a6d52990dd275870ac3cd6e926337bc1e 172.20.0.4 26379 @ mymaster 172.25.254.10 6379
1:X 27 Mar 2026 07:05:05.559 * +sentinel sentinel 800f044f099138f1486b6bc7efdc2f39176c8df4 172.20.0.6 26379 @ mymaster 172.25.254.10 6379
1:X 27 Mar 2026 07:05:09.487 # +sdown slave 172.20.0.1:6379 172.20.0.1 6379 @ mymaster 172.25.254.10 6379
[root@mysql redis]#

4. 高可用负载均衡：部署LVS+Keepalived → HAProxy+Keepalived

1.环境配置
bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# dnf install ipvsadm keepalived -y

加载lvs内核模块

bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# modprobe ip_vs
modprobe ip_vs_rr
modprobe ip_vs_wrr
modprobe ip_vs_sh
modprobe nf_conntrack


modprobe ip_vs           # 加载 LVS 核心模块
modprobe ip_vs_rr         # 加载 轮询 调度算法
modprobe ip_vs_wrr        # 加载 加权轮询 调度算法
modprobe ip_vs_sh         # 加载 源地址哈希 调度算法（会话保持）
modprobe nf_conntrack     # 加载连接跟踪，保证LVS转发正常

永久加载

bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# vim /etc/modules-load.d/ipvs.conf
[root@haproxy ~]# cat /etc/modules-load.d/ipvs.conf
ip_vs
ip_vs_rr
ip_vs_wrr
ip_vs_sh
nf_conntrack

配置内核参数

bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf
[root@haproxy ~]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf 
# sysctl settings are defined through files in
# /usr/lib/sysctl.d/, /run/sysctl.d/, and /etc/sysctl.d/.
#
# Vendors settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/.
# To override a whole file, create a new file with the same in
# /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there. To override
# only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later
# name in /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
#
# For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5).
#解决LVS DR模式arp冲突、避免VIP广播乱飘
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.default.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.arp_announce = 2
 
#开启IP转发，LVS/HAProxy流量转发核心开关
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
2.配置 Keepalived（LVS 层，VIP: 192.168.1.100）
bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# cp /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf.bak

interface 为你的实际网卡名

bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
[root@haproxy ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:c1:24:43 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp3s0
    altname ens160
    inet 172.25.254.20/24 brd 172.25.254.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fec1:2443/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@haproxy ~]# cat /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
global_defs {
    router_id LVS_MASTER
    script_user root
    enable_script_security
}

# LVS VIP
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface eth0
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        172.25.254.100/24 dev eth0 label eth0:vip1
    }
}

# HAProxy VIP
vrrp_instance VI_2 {
    state MASTER
    interface eth0
    virtual_router_id 52
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 2222
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        172.25.254.200/24 dev eth0 label eth0:vip2
    }
}

# LVS 服务器配置（转发到本机 127.0.0.1）
virtual_server 172.25.254.100 80 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo wrr
    lb_kind DR
    protocol TCP
    persistence_timeout 50

    real_server 127.0.0.1 80 {
        weight 1
        TCP_CHECK {
            connect_timeout 3
        }
    }
}
3.配置 HAProxy（七层负载均衡）
1.安装并编辑配置
bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# dnf install haproxy -y
备份默认的配置
[root@haproxy ~]# cp /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg.bak

编辑配置

bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# vim /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
[root@haproxy ~]# cat /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
global
    log /dev/log local0
    maxconn 4096
    user haproxy
    group haproxy
    daemon

defaults
    log global
    mode http
    option httplog
    option dontlognull
    timeout connect 5000
    timeout client 50000
    timeout server 50000

# 统计页面
listen stats
    bind 172.25.254.200:8080
    stats enable
    stats uri /stats
    stats auth admin:admin123

# 前端入口
frontend http_front
    bind 172.25.254.100:80
    bind 172.25.254.200:80
    default_backend web_servers

# 后端 Web 集群（指向 172.25.254.30）
backend web_servers
    balance roundrobin
    option httpchk GET /health
    server web1 172.25.254.30:80 check inter 2000 rise 2 fall 3 weight 5

创建日志目录

bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# mkdir -p /var/lib/haproxy
4.配置 LVS DR 模式回环地址l0绑定 VIP（用于接收 LVS 转发来的数据包）
bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# ifconfig lo:0 172.25.254.100 netmask 255.255.255.255 up
[root@haproxy ~]# ip route add 172.25.254.100 dev lo:0 2>/dev/null || true
[root@haproxy ~]# cat >> /etc/sysctl.conf << 'EOF'
> # LVS DR 模式 ARP 抑制
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.eth0.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.eth0.arp_announce = 2
EOF
[root@haproxy ~]#

重新加载 /etc/sysctl.conf 里的所有内核参数

bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# sysctl -p 2>/dev/null
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.default.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.eth0.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.eth0.arp_announce = 2

设置回环网卡 lo

bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_ignore=1 2>/dev/null
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_ignore = 1
[root@haproxy ~]# sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce=2 2>/dev/null
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce = 2
[root@haproxy ~]# sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.eth0.arp_ignore=1 2>/dev/null
net.ipv4.conf.eth0.arp_ignore = 1
[root@haproxy ~]# sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.eth0.arp_announce=2 2>/dev/null
net.ipv4.conf.eth0.arp_announce = 2
[root@haproxy ~]#
5.启动并检测
bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# systemctl enable --now keepalived
[root@haproxy ~]# systemctl enable --now haproxy

Broadcast message from systemd-journald@haproxy (Fri 2026-03-27 19:22:31 CST):

haproxy[30607]: backend web_servers has no server available!

（因为还没有部署web所以这里有报错）
bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]#ip addr | grep 172.25.254
    inet 172.25.254.100/32 scope global lo:0
    inet 172.25.254.20/24 brd 172.25.254.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0

ipvsadm -Ln 2>/dev/null || echo "ipvsadm 未安装或无需显示"
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
  -> RemoteAddress:Port           Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
TCP  172.25.254.100:80 wrr persistent 50
  -> 172.25.254.20:80             Route   1      0          0         


systemctl status haproxy --no-pager | head -5

● haproxy.service - HAProxy Load Balancer
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/haproxy.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Fri 2026-03-27 19:22:31 CST; 24min ago
    Process: 30603 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/haproxy -f $CONFIG -f $CFGDIR -c -q $OPTIONS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 30605 (haproxy)
[root@haproxy ~]# 
[root@haproxy ~]#  systemctl start keepalived
[root@haproxy ~]# ip addr | grep 172.25.254
    inet 172.25.254.100/32 scope global lo:0
    inet 172.25.254.20/24 brd 172.25.254.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0
    inet 172.25.254.100/24 scope global secondary eth0:vip1
    inet 172.25.254.200/24 scope global secondary eth0:vip2
[root@haproxy ~]# ^C

5. Web集群：Docker部署Nginx+Tomcat集群

1.创建工作目录加载镜像
bash 复制代码 
[root@nginx ~]# mkdir -p /data/web/{nginx,apps}
[root@nginx ~]# cd /data/web/
[root@nginx web]# ll
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  6  3月 27 19:59 apps
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 32  3月 24 17:41 nginx

[root@nginx web]# mkdir -p nginx/conf.d
[root@nginx web]# mkdir -p nginx/html/static
[root@nginx web]# 

cd 
[root@nginx ~]# ll
总用量 228120
-rw-------. 1 root root      1000  1月 14 18:32 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  75176448  3月 27 20:08 nginx-1.26.tar
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 158410240  3月 27 20:09 tomcat-9.tar
[root@nginx ~]# docker load -i nginx-1.26.tar
^[[A^[[BLoaded image: nginx:1.26
[root@nginx ~]# docker load -i tomcat-9.tar
Loaded image: tomcat:9
2.创建 Nginx 配置文件
bash 复制代码 
[root@nginx web]# vim nginx/nginx.conf 
[root@nginx web]# cat /data/web/nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;

    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
    sendfile on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;

    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name localhost;
        root /usr/share/nginx/html;
        index index.html;

        # 健康检查
        location /health {
            access_log off;
            return 200 "healthy\n";
        }

        # 首页
        location / {
            root /usr/share/nginx/html;
            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
        }
    }
}
3.编辑静态页面
bash 复制代码 
[root@nginx web]# vim nginx/html/index.html
[root@nginx web]# cat  nginx/html/index.html 
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>企业级分布式电商平台</title>
    <style>
        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 50px; background: #f5f5f5; }
        .container { background: white; padding: 40px; border-radius: 10px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); display: inline-block; }
        .status { color: #28a745; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; }
        .info { color: #666; margin-top: 20px; }
        .ip { font-family: monospace; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px 10px; border-radius: 4px; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h1>🏢 企业级分布式电商平台</h1>
        <p class="status">● 系统运行正常</p>
        <div class="info">
            <p>Web 节点: <span class="ip">172.25.254.30</span></p>
            <p>负载均衡入口: <span class="ip">172.25.254.100</span></p>
            <p>数据节点: <span class="ip">172.25.254.10</span></p>
        </div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>
4.编辑docker-compose.yml
bash 复制代码 
[root@nginx web]# vim docker-compose.yml
[root@nginx web]# cat docker-compose.yml 
services:
  nginx:
    image: nginx:1.26
    container_name: nginx
    ports:
      - "80:80"  # 这里改了！！！
    volumes:
      - ./nginx/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro
      - ./nginx/html:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro
    depends_on:
      - tomcat
    networks:
      - web-net
    restart: unless-stopped

  tomcat:
    image: tomcat:9
    container_name: tomcat
    environment:
      - JAVA_OPTS=-server -Xms1g -Xmx2g -XX:+UseG1GC -Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/./urandom
      - TZ=Asia/Shanghai
    volumes:
      - ./apps:/usr/local/tomcat/webapps
    ports:
      - "127.0.0.1:8080:8080"
    networks:
      - web-net
    extra_hosts:
      - "mysql-master:172.25.254.10"
      - "mysql-slave:172.25.254.10"
      - "redis-master:172.25.254.10"
    restart: unless-stopped

networks:
  web-net:
    driver: bridge
5.启动并测试
bash 复制代码 
[root@nginx ~]# cd /data/web/
[root@nginx web]# ll
总用量 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   6  3月 27 19:59 apps
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 822  3月 27 20:07 docker-compose.yml
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root  50  3月 27 20:00 nginx
[root@nginx web]# docker compose up -d
[+] up 3/3
 ✔ Network web_web-net Created                                                                                                                                                                0.0s
 ✔ Container tomcat    Started                                                                                                                                                                0.2s
 ✔ Container nginx     Started                                                                                                                                                                0.3s
[root@nginx web]#
bash 复制代码 
[root@nginx web]# curl -s http://172.25.254.30/health
healthy
[root@nginx web]# curl http://172.25.254.30
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>企业级分布式电商平台</title>
    <style>
        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 50px; background: #f5f5f5; }
        .container { background: white; padding: 40px; border-radius: 10px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); display: inline-block; }
        .status { color: #28a745; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; }
        .info { color: #666; margin-top: 20px; }
        .ip { font-family: monospace; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px 10px; border-radius: 4px; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h1>🏢 企业级分布式电商平台</h1>
        <p class="status">● 系统运行正常</p>
        <div class="info">
            <p>Web 节点: <span class="ip">172.25.254.30</span></p>
            <p>负载均衡入口: <span class="ip">172.25.254.100</span></p>
            <p>数据节点: <span class="ip">172.25.254.10</span></p>
        </div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

6.访问检测

bash 复制代码 
[root@haproxy ~]# 
[root@haproxy ~]# ipvsadm -Ln（LVS DR规则应如下）
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
  -> RemoteAddress:Port           Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
TCP  172.25.254.100:80 wrr persistent 50
  -> 127.0.0.1:80                 Route   1      0          0     
没有手动添加LVS DR规则
ipvsadm -A -t 172.25.254.100:80 -s wrr -p 50
ipvsadm -a -t 172.25.254.100:80 -r 127.0.0.1:80 -g -w 1
    
[root@haproxy ~]# curl http://172.25.254.100
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>企业级分布式电商平台</title>
    <style>
        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 50px; background: #f5f5f5; }
        .container { background: white; padding: 40px; border-radius: 10px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); display: inline-block; }
        .status { color: #28a745; font-weight: bold; font-size: 24px; }
        .info { color: #666; margin-top: 20px; }
        .ip { font-family: monospace; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px 10px; border-radius: 4px; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h1>🏢 企业级分布式电商平台</h1>
        <p class="status">● 系统运行正常</p>
        <div class="info">
            <p>Web 节点: <span class="ip">172.25.254.30</span></p>
            <p>负载均衡入口: <span class="ip">172.25.254.100</span></p>
            <p>数据节点: <span class="ip">172.25.254.10</span></p>
        </div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>
[root@haproxy ~]#

浏览器访问如下

九、项目亮点

  1. 完整企业级架构，不是Demo，是生产可用方案

  2. 全链路高可用，无任何单点故障

  3. 秒杀系统，解决高并发核心问题

  4. 容器化部署，符合现代运维标准

  5. 读写分离+缓存架构，性能提升10倍以上

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