Ultralytics:解读C3Ghost模块

Ultralytics:解读C3Ghost模块

前言

相关介绍

Ultralytics 简介

Ultralytics 基于多年的计算机视觉和人工智能基础研究,创建了最先进的 (SOTA) YOLO 模型。我们的模型不断更新性能和灵活性,快速、准确且易于使用。他们擅长对象检测、跟踪、实例分割、语义分割、图像分类和姿势估计任务。

前提条件

  • 熟悉Python、Pytorch

实验环境

bash 复制代码
Package                  Version
------------------------ ------------
Python                   3.11.8
absl-py                  2.4.0
accelerate               1.13.0
annotated-doc            0.0.4
anyio                    4.13.0
calflops                 0.3.2
certifi                  2026.4.22
charset-normalizer       3.4.7
click                    8.3.3
colorama                 0.4.6
contourpy                1.3.3
cycler                   0.12.1
filelock                 3.29.0
flatbuffers              25.12.19
fonttools                4.62.1
fsspec                   2026.4.0
grpcio                   1.80.0
h11                      0.16.0
hf-xet                   1.5.0
httpcore                 1.0.9
httpx                    0.28.1
huggingface_hub          1.14.0
idna                     3.15
Jinja2                   3.1.6
kiwisolver               1.5.0
Markdown                 3.10.2
markdown-it-py           4.2.0
MarkupSafe               3.0.3
matplotlib               3.10.9
mdurl                    0.1.2
ml_dtypes                0.5.0
mpmath                   1.3.0
networkx                 3.6.1
numpy                    1.26.4
nvidia-cublas-cu12       12.8.3.14
nvidia-cuda-cupti-cu12   12.8.57
nvidia-cuda-nvrtc-cu12   12.8.61
nvidia-cuda-runtime-cu12 12.8.57
nvidia-cudnn-cu12        9.7.1.26
nvidia-cufft-cu12        11.3.3.41
nvidia-cufile-cu12       1.13.0.11
nvidia-curand-cu12       10.3.9.55
nvidia-cusolver-cu12     11.7.2.55
nvidia-cusparse-cu12     12.5.7.53
nvidia-cusparselt-cu12   0.6.3
nvidia-nccl-cu12         2.26.2
nvidia-nvjitlink-cu12    12.8.61
nvidia-nvtx-cu12         12.8.55
onnx                     1.19.0
onnxruntime-gpu          1.26.0
onnxslim                 0.1.94
opencv-python            4.6.0.66
packaging                26.2
pillow                   12.2.0
pip                      24.0
polars                   1.40.1
polars-runtime-32        1.40.1
protobuf                 7.34.1
psutil                   7.2.2
pycocotools              2.0.11
Pygments                 2.20.0
pyparsing                3.3.2
python-dateutil          2.9.0.post0
PyYAML                   6.0.3
regex                    2026.5.9
requests                 2.34.1
rich                     15.0.0
safetensors              0.7.0
scipy                    1.16.0
setuptools               65.5.0
shellingham              1.5.4
six                      1.17.0
sympy                    1.14.0
tabulate                 0.10.0
tensorboard              2.20.0
tensorboard-data-server  0.7.2
tokenizers               0.22.2
torch                    2.7.1+cu128
torchaudio               2.7.1+cu128
torchvision              0.22.1+cu128
tqdm                     4.67.3
transformers             5.8.1
triton                   3.3.1
typer                    0.25.1
typing_extensions        4.15.0
ultralytics              8.4.58
ultralytics-thop         2.0.19
urllib3                  2.7.0
Werkzeug                 3.1.8

C3Ghost(C3 模块 + GhostBottleneck)

C3GhostC3 模块的轻量化变体,它将内部的 Bottleneck 块替换为 GhostBottleneck,从而在保持 CSP 结构的同时,利用 Ghost 模块和深度卷积大幅降低参数量和计算量。该模块适用于移动端或边缘设备上的目标检测网络(如 YOLOv5‑Ghost),在精度和速度之间取得了良好的平衡。


代码实现

python 复制代码
import cv2
import math
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def autopad(k, p=None, d=1):  # kernel, padding, dilation
    """Pad to 'same' shape outputs."""
    if d > 1:
        k = d * (k - 1) + 1 if isinstance(k, int) else [d * (x - 1) + 1 for x in k]  # actual kernel-size
    if p is None:
        p = k // 2 if isinstance(k, int) else [x // 2 for x in k]  # auto-pad
    return p

class Conv(nn.Module):
    """Standard convolution module with batch normalization and activation.

    Attributes:
        conv (nn.Conv2d): Convolutional layer.
        bn (nn.BatchNorm2d): Batch normalization layer.
        act (nn.Module): Activation function layer.
        default_act (nn.Module): Default activation function (SiLU).
    """

    default_act = nn.SiLU()  # default activation

    def __init__(self, c1, c2, k=1, s=1, p=None, g=1, d=1, act=True):
        """Initialize Conv layer with given parameters.

        Args:
            c1 (int): Number of input channels.
            c2 (int): Number of output channels.
            k (int): Kernel size.
            s (int): Stride.
            p (int, optional): Padding.
            g (int): Groups.
            d (int): Dilation.
            act (bool | nn.Module): Activation function.
        """
        super().__init__()
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(c1, c2, k, s, autopad(k, p, d), groups=g, dilation=d, bias=False)
        self.bn = nn.BatchNorm2d(c2)
        self.act = self.default_act if act is True else act if isinstance(act, nn.Module) else nn.Identity()

    def forward(self, x):
        """Apply convolution, batch normalization and activation to input tensor.

        Args:
            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor.

        Returns:
            (torch.Tensor): Output tensor.
        """
        return self.act(self.bn(self.conv(x)))

    def forward_fuse(self, x):
        """Apply convolution and activation without batch normalization.

        Args:
            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor.

        Returns:
            (torch.Tensor): Output tensor.
        """
        return self.act(self.conv(x))
    
class GhostConv(nn.Module):
    """Ghost Convolution module.

    Generates more features with fewer parameters by using cheap operations.

    Attributes:
        cv1 (Conv): Primary convolution.
        cv2 (Conv): Cheap operation convolution.

    References:
        https://github.com/huawei-noah/Efficient-AI-Backbones
    """

    def __init__(self, c1, c2, k=1, s=1, g=1, act=True):
        """Initialize Ghost Convolution module with given parameters.

        Args:
            c1 (int): Number of input channels.
            c2 (int): Number of output channels.
            k (int): Kernel size.
            s (int): Stride.
            g (int): Groups.
            act (bool | nn.Module): Activation function.
        """
        super().__init__()
        c_ = c2 // 2  # hidden channels
        self.cv1 = Conv(c1, c_, k, s, None, g, act=act)
        self.cv2 = Conv(c_, c_, 5, 1, None, c_, act=act)

    def forward(self, x):
        """Apply Ghost Convolution to input tensor.

        Args:
            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor.

        Returns:
            (torch.Tensor): Output tensor with concatenated features.
        """
        y = self.cv1(x)
        return torch.cat((y, self.cv2(y)), 1)
    
class DWConv(Conv):
    """Depth-wise convolution module."""

    def __init__(self, c1, c2, k=1, s=1, d=1, act=True):
        """Initialize depth-wise convolution with given parameters.

        Args:
            c1 (int): Number of input channels.
            c2 (int): Number of output channels.
            k (int): Kernel size.
            s (int): Stride.
            d (int): Dilation.
            act (bool | nn.Module): Activation function.
        """
        super().__init__(c1, c2, k, s, g=math.gcd(c1, c2), d=d, act=act)

class GhostBottleneck(nn.Module):
    """Ghost Bottleneck https://github.com/huawei-noah/Efficient-AI-Backbones."""

    def __init__(self, c1: int, c2: int, k: int = 3, s: int = 1):
        """Initialize Ghost Bottleneck module.

        Args:
            c1 (int): Input channels.
            c2 (int): Output channels.
            k (int): Kernel size.
            s (int): Stride.
        """
        super().__init__()
        c_ = c2 // 2
        self.conv = nn.Sequential(
            GhostConv(c1, c_, 1, 1),  # pw
            DWConv(c_, c_, k, s, act=False) if s == 2 else nn.Identity(),  # dw
            GhostConv(c_, c2, 1, 1, act=False),  # pw-linear
        )
        self.shortcut = (
            nn.Sequential(DWConv(c1, c1, k, s, act=False), Conv(c1, c2, 1, 1, act=False)) if s == 2 else nn.Identity()
        )

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Apply skip connection and addition to input tensor."""
        return self.conv(x) + self.shortcut(x)
    
class Bottleneck(nn.Module):
    """Standard bottleneck."""

    def __init__(
        self, c1: int, c2: int, shortcut: bool = True, g: int = 1, k: tuple[int, int] = (3, 3), e: float = 0.5
    ):
        """Initialize a standard bottleneck module.

        Args:
            c1 (int): Input channels.
            c2 (int): Output channels.
            shortcut (bool): Whether to use shortcut connection.
            g (int): Groups for convolutions.
            k (tuple): Kernel sizes for convolutions.
            e (float): Expansion ratio.
        """
        super().__init__()
        c_ = int(c2 * e)  # hidden channels
        self.cv1 = Conv(c1, c_, k[0], 1)
        self.cv2 = Conv(c_, c2, k[1], 1, g=g)
        self.add = shortcut and c1 == c2

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Apply bottleneck with optional shortcut connection."""
        return x + self.cv2(self.cv1(x)) if self.add else self.cv2(self.cv1(x))

class C3(nn.Module):
    """CSP Bottleneck with 3 convolutions."""

    def __init__(self, c1: int, c2: int, n: int = 1, shortcut: bool = True, g: int = 1, e: float = 0.5):
        """Initialize the CSP Bottleneck with 3 convolutions.

        Args:
            c1 (int): Input channels.
            c2 (int): Output channels.
            n (int): Number of Bottleneck blocks.
            shortcut (bool): Whether to use shortcut connections.
            g (int): Groups for convolutions.
            e (float): Expansion ratio.
        """
        super().__init__()
        c_ = int(c2 * e)  # hidden channels
        self.cv1 = Conv(c1, c_, 1, 1)
        self.cv2 = Conv(c1, c_, 1, 1)
        self.cv3 = Conv(2 * c_, c2, 1)  # optional act=FReLU(c2)
        self.m = nn.Sequential(*(Bottleneck(c_, c_, shortcut, g, k=((1, 1), (3, 3)), e=1.0) for _ in range(n)))

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Forward pass through the CSP bottleneck with 3 convolutions."""
        return self.cv3(torch.cat((self.m(self.cv1(x)), self.cv2(x)), 1))

class C3Ghost(C3):
    """C3 module with GhostBottleneck()."""

    def __init__(self, c1: int, c2: int, n: int = 1, shortcut: bool = True, g: int = 1, e: float = 0.5):
        """Initialize C3 module with GhostBottleneck.

        Args:
            c1 (int): Input channels.
            c2 (int): Output channels.
            n (int): Number of Ghost bottleneck blocks.
            shortcut (bool): Whether to use shortcut connections.
            g (int): Groups for convolutions.
            e (float): Expansion ratio.
        """
        super().__init__(c1, c2, n, shortcut, g, e)
        c_ = int(c2 * e)  # hidden channels
        self.m = nn.Sequential(*(GhostBottleneck(c_, c_) for _ in range(n)))

功能

  • CSP 结构 :继承自 C3,包含 cv1cv2 两个并行的 1×1 卷积,一个 cv3 1×1 卷积用于输出压缩,以及一个 m 序列(此处被替换为 GhostBottleneck)。
  • Ghost 瓶颈 :每个 GhostBottleneck 内部使用 GhostConv(生成冗余特征)和 DWConv(深度卷积),大幅降低计算量。
  • 通道配置c_ = int(c2 * e) 决定隐藏通道数,GhostBottleneck 内部要求其输入输出通道相等(此处均为 c_),且 c_ 必须为偶数。

初始化参数

参数 类型 说明
c1 int 输入通道数
c2 int 输出通道数
n int GhostBottleneck 块的数量(默认 1)
shortcut bool 是否使用残差连接(注意 :该参数在 C3Ghost 中实际上不起作用,因为 GhostBottleneck 未使用该参数,仅父类 C3 会用它构造 Bottleneck,但父类的 m 被覆盖)
g int 分组卷积的组数(同样被忽略,因为 GhostBottleneck 内部不使用 g
e float 扩展比,c_ = int(c2 * e)(默认 0.5)

由于 GhostBottleneck 固定步长 s=1(未提供 s 参数),因此模块不进行下采样,仅做特征变换。


前向方法

  • forward(x):继承自 C3,输入 x,输出 [B, c2, H, W]

数据流(与 C3 相同):

  1. a = self.cv1(x) → 1×1 卷积,c1 → c_
  2. b = self.cv2(x) → 1×1 卷积,c1 → c_
  3. a = self.m(a) → 通过 nGhostBottleneck,每个保持通道 c_
  4. cat = torch.cat((a, b), dim=1)[B, 2*c_, H, W]
  5. self.cv3(cat) → 1×1 卷积,2*c_ → c2,输出。

使用示例

python 复制代码
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 1. 随机输入
    x = torch.randn(1, 32, 64, 64)

    # 2. 创建 C3Ghost(c2=64,则 c_=32,必须为偶数)
    c3ghost = C3Ghost(c1=32, c2=64, n=2, shortcut=True, g=1, e=0.5)

    # 3. 前向传播
    with torch.no_grad():
        out = c3ghost(x)
    print("输入形状:", x.shape)   # [1, 32, 64, 64]
    print("输出形状:", out.shape) # [1, 64, 64, 64]

    # 4. 使用真实图像演示(扩展为多通道)
    img_path = "cat_640x640.png"
    img_bgr = cv2.imread(img_path)
    if img_bgr is not None:
        img_gray = cv2.cvtColor(cv2.resize(img_bgr, (64, 64)), cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
        img_tensor = torch.from_numpy(img_gray).float().unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0)  # [1,1,64,64]
        # 扩展通道至 c1=32
        x_img = img_tensor.repeat(1, 32, 1, 1)

        model_img = C3Ghost(c1=32, c2=32, n=1, e=0.5)
        with torch.no_grad():
            out_img = model_img(x_img)

        inp_ch0 = x_img[0, 0].cpu().numpy()
        out_ch0 = out_img[0, 0].cpu().numpy()

        def norm(arr):
            return (arr - arr.min()) / (arr.max() - arr.min() + 1e-8)

        plt.figure(figsize=(12, 5), constrained_layout=True)
        plt.subplot(1, 3, 1)
        plt.imshow(img_gray, cmap='gray')
        plt.title("Original Gray")
        plt.axis("off")
        plt.subplot(1, 3, 2)
        plt.imshow(norm(inp_ch0), cmap='gray')
        plt.title("Input Ch0")
        plt.axis("off")
        plt.subplot(1, 3, 3)
        plt.imshow(norm(out_ch0), cmap='gray')
        plt.title("C3Ghost Output Ch0")
        plt.axis("off")
        plt.savefig("c3ghost_demo.png", dpi=150)
        print("可视化已保存为 c3ghost_demo.png")

输出示例

复制代码
输入形状: torch.Size([1, 32, 64, 64])
输出形状: torch.Size([1, 64, 64, 64])
可视化已保存为 c3ghost_demo.png

流程示意图

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Conv 1x1: c1 -> c_ (cv1)
Conv 1x1: c1 -> c_ (cv2)
n 个 GhostBottleneck

(每个保持 c_ 通道)
处理后 (B, c_, H, W)
直接传递 (B, c_, H, W)
拼接: cat -> (B, 2*c_, H, W)
Conv 1x1: 2*c_ -> c2 (cv3)
输出 (B, c2, H, W)


代码解读

  • __init__
    • 调用父类 C3.__init__,这会创建 cv1cv2cv3 以及初始的 self.mBottleneck 序列)。
    • 计算 c_ = int(c2 * e)
    • 覆盖 self.mnn.Sequential,包含 nGhostBottleneck,每个的输入输出通道均为 c_
  • forward :直接继承自 C3,无需重写。

注意事项

  1. c_ 必须为偶数 :因为 GhostBottleneck 内部 c_ = c2 // 2(这里的 c2 指模块的输出通道,即传入的 c_),若 c_ 为奇数,会因 c2//2 截断而导致输出通道不匹配。
  2. shortcutg 参数无效 :由于 GhostBottleneck 未使用这些参数,它们仅用于父类 C3Bottleneck 构造,但父类的 m 被覆盖,因此这些参数在 C3Ghost 中不起作用。
  3. 空间尺寸不变GhostBottleneck 步长固定为 1,因此模块不进行下采样。
  4. 轻量但精度可能略降:Ghost 模块和深度卷积减少了参数,但也可能损失部分表示能力。
  5. C3 的兼容性 :接口与 C3 一致,可直接替换,但需注意隐藏通道的奇偶性。

优缺点

优点
  1. 计算高效:Ghost 模块和深度卷积大幅降低 FLOPs 和参数量,适合移动端部署。
  2. 即插即用 :与 C3 接口完全一致,可无缝替换,无需修改网络结构。
  3. 可调节性 :通过 ne 控制深度和宽度,灵活适应不同资源场景。
缺点
  1. 表达能力受限 :相比标准 Bottleneck,Ghost 模块可能损失部分特征多样性,在复杂任务上精度略低。
  2. 通道约束 :要求 int(c2 * e) 为偶数,限制了参数选择。
  3. shortcut 失效 :传入的 shortcut 参数无法作用于 GhostBottleneck,无法启用残差连接(GhostBottleneck 默认无残差,除非步长为 2)。
  4. 无下采样功能:步长固定为 1,若需下采样需额外使用其他模块。

在 YOLOv5‑Ghost 或轻量级网络中,C3Ghost 可作为骨干网络的基本构建块,在保持较高精度的同时极大提升速度。使用时建议根据硬件条件调整 ne,并注意 c_ 必须为偶数。若需下采样,可配合 Conv 层(如步长 2)使用。

参考文献

1 https://docs.ultralytics.com/

2 https://github.com/ultralytics/ultralytics.git

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