【PyTorch】n卡驱动、CUDA Toolkit、cuDNN全解安装教程

文章目录


GPU、NVIDIA Graphics Drivers、CUDA、CUDA Toolkit和cuDNN的关系

  • GPU:物理显卡。
  • NVIDIA Graphics Drivers:物理显卡驱动。
  • CUDA:一种由NVIDIA推出的通用并行计算架构,是一种并行计算平台和编程模型,该架构使GPU能够解决复杂的计算问题。在安装NVIDIA Graphics Drivers时,CUDA已经捆绑安装,无需另外安装。
  • CUDA Toolkit:包含了CUDA的runtime API、CUDA代码的编译器nvcc(CUDA也有自己的语言,代码需要编译才能执行)和debug工具等。简单言之,可以将CUDA Toolkit视为开发CUDA程序的工具包。需要自己下载安装。此外,在安装CUDA Toolkit时,还可以选择是否捆绑安装NVIDIA Graphics Drivers显卡驱动,因此就可以简略我们的步骤。
  • cuDNN:基于CUDA Toolkit,专门针对深度神经网络中的基础操作而设计基于GPU的加速库。需要自己下载安装,其实所谓的安装就是移动几个库文件到指定路径。

使用情形判断

仅仅使用PyTorch

在只使用torch的情况下,不需要安装CUDA Toolkit和cuDNN,只需要显卡驱动,conda或者pip会为我们安排好一切。

安装顺序应该是:NVIDIA Graphics Drivers->PyTorch

使用torch的第三方子模块

需要安装CUDA Toolkit。

在安装一些基于torch的第三方子模块时,譬如tiny-cuda-nnnvdiffrastsimple-knn。如果没有安装CUDA Toolkit,torch/utils/cpp_extension.py会报错如下:

shell 复制代码
File "....../torch/utils/cpp_extension.py", line 1076, in CUDAExtension
	library_dirs += library_paths(cuda=True)
File "....../torch/utils/cpp_extension.py", line 1203, in library_paths
	if (not os.path.exists(_join_cuda_home(lib_dir)) and
File "....../torch/utils/cpp_extension.py", line 2416, in _join_cuda_home
	raise OSError('CUDA_HOME environment variable is not set. '
OSError: CUDA_HOME environment variable is not set. Please set it to your CUDA install root.

这个报错的意思是找不到CUDA的环境变量路径。这个环境变量是只有安装了CUDA Toolkit之后才会设置的。

这个报错在仅仅使用pytorch时没有影响,因为pytorch在安装时已经准备好了一切,不需要CUDA环境变量。但是,我们现在需要安装其他子模块,就必须要解决这个问题了。

对于做深度学习的研究者,使用其他子模块是经常会碰到的,因此,笔者建议直接安装CUDA Toolkit,在安装CUDA Toolkit的时候捆绑安装显卡驱动

因此,安装顺序应该是:NVIDIA Graphics Drivers(可跳过,在安装CUDA Toolkit的时候捆绑安装)->CUDA Toolkit->PyTorch->cuDNN

安装NVIDIA Graphics Drivers(可跳过)

前言

在安装CUDA Toolkit的时候可以选择捆绑安装NVIDIA Graphics Drivers显卡驱动。因此,这一步完全可以跳过,但笔者依旧先写出来。

Linux

法一:图形化界面安装(推荐)

换好源之后更新升级。必须要升级。否则,安装的n卡驱动是无法生效的!而且,下次重启进入Linux之后,连图形化界面都不会出现!!

shell 复制代码
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

安装必要依赖。必须要安装gccg++cmake。否则,安装的n卡驱动是无法生效的!而且,下次重启进入Linux之后,连图形化界面都不会出现!!

shell 复制代码
sudo apt install gcc cmake
sudo apt install g++

然后直接下载安装即可:

法二:手动下载文件后命令行安装(不推荐)

笔者没有使用过此方法,也不推荐此方法。在能用图形化界面的情况下就不要多此一举了。

windows

法一:GeForce Experience自动安装

NVIDIA官网下载GeForce Experience,安装好GeForce Experience之后可以在这个应用里面直接下载最新的驱动。

法二:手动安装

同样的页面手动搜索对应型号的显卡驱动,下载安装。

检验安装

shell 复制代码
nvidia-smi

如果有类似下面的输出,那么NVIDIA Graphics Drivers就已经安装了:

shell 复制代码
Sat Jan 27 14:35:37 2024       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 525.147.05   Driver Version: 525.147.05   CUDA Version: 12.0     |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name        Persistence-M| Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp  Perf  Pwr:Usage/Cap|         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|                               |                      |               MIG M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
|   0  NVIDIA GeForce ...  Off  | 00000000:01:00.0  On |                  N/A |
| N/A   35C    P5    23W / 115W |   1320MiB /  8192MiB |     13%      Default |
|                               |                      |                  N/A |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
                                                                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes:                                                                  |
|  GPU   GI   CI        PID   Type   Process name                  GPU Memory |
|        ID   ID                                                   Usage      |
|=============================================================================|
|    0   N/A  N/A      3719      G   /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg                489MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      3889      G   /usr/bin/gnome-shell               53MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      4218    C+G   fantascene-dynamic-wallpaper      406MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      8052      G   gnome-control-center                2MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      8397      G   ...--variations-seed-version      282MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A     13242      G   ...RendererForSitePerProcess       59MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A     47273      G   ...--variations-seed-version       18MiB |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

安装CUDA Toolkit

查看显卡驱动版本情况

CUDA Toolkit对刚刚安装的显卡驱动有版本要求,具体可以去此处查询。2024.1查询的关系如下:

如果你跳过了安装显卡驱动的步骤,那么你就下载一个最新的CUDA Toolkit好了,它会捆绑安装适配的显卡驱动。

如果你已经安装了显卡驱动,那么可以键入如下指令查询自己的显卡驱动版本:

shell 复制代码
nvidia-smi

可以在下面看到我的版本是525.147.05

shell 复制代码
Sat Jan 27 14:35:37 2024       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 525.147.05   Driver Version: 525.147.05   CUDA Version: 12.0     |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name        Persistence-M| Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp  Perf  Pwr:Usage/Cap|         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|                               |                      |               MIG M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
|   0  NVIDIA GeForce ...  Off  | 00000000:01:00.0  On |                  N/A |
| N/A   35C    P5    23W / 115W |   1320MiB /  8192MiB |     13%      Default |
|                               |                      |                  N/A |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
                                                                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes:                                                                  |
|  GPU   GI   CI        PID   Type   Process name                  GPU Memory |
|        ID   ID                                                   Usage      |
|=============================================================================|
|    0   N/A  N/A      3719      G   /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg                489MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      3889      G   /usr/bin/gnome-shell               53MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      4218    C+G   fantascene-dynamic-wallpaper      406MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      8052      G   gnome-control-center                2MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      8397      G   ...--variations-seed-version      282MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A     13242      G   ...RendererForSitePerProcess       59MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A     47273      G   ...--variations-seed-version       18MiB |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Linux

进入官网选择合适的版本。然后根据自己的设备一步步选择安装即可。

完成选择之后,应该有类似界面。根据官网的步骤一步一步来即可。

根据官网步骤,可以看到给出了三种安装方式。笔者在安装的时候先尝试了第二种,官网步骤如下:

shell 复制代码
wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu2204/x86_64/cuda-keyring_1.0-1_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i cuda-keyring_1.0-1_all.deb
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -y install cuda

然后在第三步报错如下:

shell 复制代码
han@ASUS-TUF-Gaming-F15-FX507ZR:~$ sudo apt-get -y install cuda
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 libnvidia-common-525 : Conflicts: libnvidia-common
 libnvidia-common-545 : Conflicts: libnvidia-common
 nvidia-kernel-common-525 : Conflicts: nvidia-kernel-common
 nvidia-kernel-common-545 : Conflicts: nvidia-kernel-common
E: Error, pkgProblemResolver::Resolve generated breaks, this may be caused by held packages.

根据提示信息,是因为我现在已经有libnvidia-common-525nvidia-kernel-common-525,无法再安装libnvidia-commonnvidia-kernel-common,需要更换现有的软件包。理论上,这个问题有两个解决方案:

  1. 替换软件包
shell 复制代码
sudo apt-get remove libnvidia-common-525  nvidia-kernel-common-525
sudo apt-get install libnvidia-common nvidia-kernel-common
  1. 放弃apt,使用aptitude安装
shell 复制代码
sudo aptitude install cuda

笔者这里都没有尝试,而是改成了官网的另外一种安装方式:

shell 复制代码
wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/11.8.0/local_installers/cuda_11.8.0_520.61.05_linux.run
sudo sh cuda_11.8.0_520.61.05_linux.run

执行这个run程序之后会解压一段时间,要有一些耐心,然后就会有安装引导,一路yes之后来到这里:

  • 注意点1:如果跳过了显卡驱动安装的,这里就勾选第一个Driver。笔者已经安装了显卡驱动,自然就不用再勾选Driver了。然后安装即可。
  • 注意点2:如果这里勾选Kernel Objects,会导致安装不成功。笔者暂时不清楚原因,可能是因为已经安装了显卡驱动的原因。总之,这里不要勾选Kernel Objects

笔者在选择Install之后的安装过程中还出现dkms未安装报错,于是sudo apt install dkms,再次尝试安装,就成功了,然后出现:

shell 复制代码
===========
= Summary =
===========

Driver:   Not Selected
Toolkit:  Installed in /usr/local/cuda-11.8/

Please make sure that
 -   PATH includes /usr/local/cuda-11.8/bin
 -   LD_LIBRARY_PATH includes /usr/local/cuda-11.8/lib64, or, add /usr/local/cuda-11.8/lib64 to /etc/ld.so.conf and run ldconfig as root

To uninstall the CUDA Toolkit, run cuda-uninstaller in /usr/local/cuda-11.8/bin
***WARNING: Incomplete installation! This installation did not install the CUDA Driver. A driver of version at least 520.00 is required for CUDA 11.8 functionality to work.
To install the driver using this installer, run the following command, replacing <CudaInstaller> with the name of this run file:
    sudo <CudaInstaller>.run --silent --driver

Logfile is /var/log/cuda-installer.log

根据提示,我们添加环境变量。请读者根据自己的安装的版本自行修改以下命令的版本号:

shell 复制代码
echo "export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/usr/local/cuda-11.8/lib64:\$LD_LIBRARY_PATH"" >> ~/.bashrc 
echo "export PATH="/usr/local/cuda-11.8/bin:\$PATH"" >> ~/.bashrc 

然后安装就完成了。

Windows

win系统下比较简单,进入官网选择合适的版本,直接下载exe可执行程序,进入引导安装即可。

  • 注意点:同样根据自己是否安装过显卡驱动来勾选要不要装显卡驱动

环境变量会自动设置好,不需要手动设置。安装程序会自动添加以下CUDA_PATH_V11_8CUDA_PATH这2个环境变量:

shell 复制代码
CUDA_PATH_V11_8=C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v11.8
CUDA_PATH=C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v11.8

安装程序还会自动在Path环境变量中添加以下2项:

shell 复制代码
C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v11.8\bin
C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v11.8\libnvvp

检验安装

重新打开一个终端查看:

shell 复制代码
nvcc -V

应该有如下类似的输出:

shell 复制代码
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2022 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Wed_Sep_21_10:33:58_PDT_2022
Cuda compilation tools, release 11.8, V11.8.89
Build cuda_11.8.r11.8/compiler.31833905_0

版本切换

Linux

cuda的软链接位于/usr/local/,输入如下命令查看:

shell 复制代码
ls -l /usr/local/

应该有类似如下的输出:

shell 复制代码
han@ASUS-TUF-Gaming-F15-FX507ZR:~$ ls -l /usr/local/
total 40
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root   21  1月 27 16:43 cuda -> /usr/local/cuda-11.8/
drwxr-xr-x 17 root root 4096  1月 27 16:44 cuda-11.8
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096  8月  9  2022 etc
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096  8月  9  2022 games
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096  8月  9  2022 include
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096  1月 27 16:38 kernelobjects
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096  1月 22 15:26 lib
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root    9  1月 22 14:10 man -> share/man
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096  1月 23 21:52 Qt-5.6.3
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096  8月  9  2022 sbin
drwxr-xr-x  8 root root 4096  1月 23 22:09 share
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096  8月  9  2022 src

可以看到现在的cuda是链接到了我刚刚安装的cuda-11.8.一台设备可以安装不同的CUDA Toolkit版本,想要切换版本,只需要改变这个软链接即可。

假如我还有一个CUDA Toolkit12.0,可以用如下指令切换:

shell 复制代码
ls -snf /usr/local/cuda-12.0/ /usr/local/cuda

Windows

修改之前自动添加的CUDA_PATH环境变量到对应目录:

shell 复制代码
CUDA_PATH=C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v12.0

修改之前自动添加到Path环境变量下的那两个项目:

shell 复制代码
C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v12.0\bin
C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v12.0\libnvvp

Linux卸载CUDA Toolkit

再次回顾安装完成后的summary:

shell 复制代码
===========
= Summary =
===========

Driver:   Not Selected
Toolkit:  Installed in /usr/local/cuda-11.8/

Please make sure that
 -   PATH includes /usr/local/cuda-11.8/bin
 -   LD_LIBRARY_PATH includes /usr/local/cuda-11.8/lib64, or, add /usr/local/cuda-11.8/lib64 to /etc/ld.so.conf and run ldconfig as root

To uninstall the CUDA Toolkit, run cuda-uninstaller in /usr/local/cuda-11.8/bin
***WARNING: Incomplete installation! This installation did not install the CUDA Driver. A driver of version at least 520.00 is required for CUDA 11.8 functionality to work.
To install the driver using this installer, run the following command, replacing <CudaInstaller> with the name of this run file:
    sudo <CudaInstaller>.run --silent --driver

Logfile is /var/log/cuda-installer.log

可以知道只需要输入类似的指令:(自行更改版本号)

shell 复制代码
sudo /usr/local/cuda-11.8/bin/cuda-uninstaller

安装PyTorch

查看显卡驱动的CUDA支持版本情况

同样是这个指令:

shell 复制代码
nvidia-smi

可以在下面看到我的最大支持的CUDA版本是12.0

shell 复制代码
Sat Jan 27 14:35:37 2024       
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 525.147.05   Driver Version: 525.147.05   CUDA Version: 12.0     |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name        Persistence-M| Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp  Perf  Pwr:Usage/Cap|         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|                               |                      |               MIG M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
|   0  NVIDIA GeForce ...  Off  | 00000000:01:00.0  On |                  N/A |
| N/A   35C    P5    23W / 115W |   1320MiB /  8192MiB |     13%      Default |
|                               |                      |                  N/A |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
                                                                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes:                                                                  |
|  GPU   GI   CI        PID   Type   Process name                  GPU Memory |
|        ID   ID                                                   Usage      |
|=============================================================================|
|    0   N/A  N/A      3719      G   /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg                489MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      3889      G   /usr/bin/gnome-shell               53MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      4218    C+G   fantascene-dynamic-wallpaper      406MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      8052      G   gnome-control-center                2MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A      8397      G   ...--variations-seed-version      282MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A     13242      G   ...RendererForSitePerProcess       59MiB |
|    0   N/A  N/A     47273      G   ...--variations-seed-version       18MiB |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

下载pytorch

打开pytorch的官网,输入对应自己设备环境的pytorch安装指令即可。着重注意刚刚安装的显卡驱动的可支持CUDA的最高版本,我们选择的pytorch的CUDA版本要低于显卡驱动的可支持CUDA的最高版本。例如,我刚刚查询到我的显卡驱动可支持CUDA最高版本为12.0,那么我就选择11.8,如下图这样:

当然也可以选择conda安装。

安装cuDNN

cuDNN对已经安装的CUDA版本有要求。进入官网,选择合适的版本,界面如下:

下载即可。安装的官方文档在这里

Linux

按官方文档,先安装依赖:

shell 复制代码
sudo apt-get install zlib1g

法一:下载tar压缩包解压(推荐)

下载好之后解压缩:

shell 复制代码
tar -xvf cudnn-linux-*-archive.tar.xz

然后复制文件并赋予权限就完成了:

shell 复制代码
sudo cp cudnn-*-archive/include/cudnn*.h /usr/local/cuda/include 
sudo cp -P cudnn-*-archive/lib/libcudnn* /usr/local/cuda/lib64 
sudo chmod a+r /usr/local/cuda/include/cudnn*.h /usr/local/cuda/lib64/libcudnn*

法二:下载deb包安装(不推荐)

deb包安装反而要复杂一些。

  1. 下载好之后dpkg安装一下:
shell 复制代码
sudo dpkg -i cudnn-local-repo-*.deb
  1. 导入GPG key并更新:
shell 复制代码
sudo apt-get install libcudnn8=x.x.x.x-1+cudaX.Y

这里的xy根据自己的版本自己调整

  1. 再安装几个依赖:
shell 复制代码
sudo apt-get install libcudnn8=x.x.x.x-1+cudaX.Y
sudo apt-get install libcudnn8-dev=x.x.x.x-1+cudaX.Y
sudo apt-get install libcudnn8-samples=x.x.x.x-1+cudaX.Y

这里的xy也自己的版本略微调整

Windows

Windows只有解压缩安装的方式。下载并解压缩好zip文件,然后复制库文件如下:

  1. 复制bin\cudnn*.dllC:\Program Files\NVIDIA\CUDNN\v8.x\bin
  2. 复制include\cudnn*.hC:\Program Files\NVIDIA\CUDNN\v8.x\include
  3. 复制lib\cudnn*.libC:\Program Files\NVIDIA\CUDNN\v8.x\lib

然后修改PATH环境变量,在其中添加一个项目:

shell 复制代码
C:\Program Files\NVIDIA\CUDNN\v8.x\bin

检验安装

执行/usr/local/cuda/extras/demo_suite/deviceQuery,应该有以下类似输出:

shell 复制代码
./deviceQuery Starting...

 CUDA Device Query (Runtime API) version (CUDART static linking)

Detected 1 CUDA Capable device(s)

Device 0: "NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3070 Laptop GPU"
  CUDA Driver Version / Runtime Version          12.0 / 11.8
  CUDA Capability Major/Minor version number:    8.6
  Total amount of global memory:                 7952 MBytes (8337752064 bytes)
  (40) Multiprocessors, (128) CUDA Cores/MP:     5120 CUDA Cores
  GPU Max Clock rate:                            1560 MHz (1.56 GHz)
  Memory Clock rate:                             7001 Mhz
  Memory Bus Width:                              256-bit
  L2 Cache Size:                                 4194304 bytes
  Maximum Texture Dimension Size (x,y,z)         1D=(131072), 2D=(131072, 65536), 3D=(16384, 16384, 16384)
  Maximum Layered 1D Texture Size, (num) layers  1D=(32768), 2048 layers
  Maximum Layered 2D Texture Size, (num) layers  2D=(32768, 32768), 2048 layers
  Total amount of constant memory:               65536 bytes
  Total amount of shared memory per block:       49152 bytes
  Total number of registers available per block: 65536
  Warp size:                                     32
  Maximum number of threads per multiprocessor:  1536
  Maximum number of threads per block:           1024
  Max dimension size of a thread block (x,y,z): (1024, 1024, 64)
  Max dimension size of a grid size    (x,y,z): (2147483647, 65535, 65535)
  Maximum memory pitch:                          2147483647 bytes
  Texture alignment:                             512 bytes
  Concurrent copy and kernel execution:          Yes with 2 copy engine(s)
  Run time limit on kernels:                     Yes
  Integrated GPU sharing Host Memory:            No
  Support host page-locked memory mapping:       Yes
  Alignment requirement for Surfaces:            Yes
  Device has ECC support:                        Disabled
  Device supports Unified Addressing (UVA):      Yes
  Device supports Compute Preemption:            Yes
  Supports Cooperative Kernel Launch:            Yes
  Supports MultiDevice Co-op Kernel Launch:      Yes
  Device PCI Domain ID / Bus ID / location ID:   0 / 1 / 0
  Compute Mode:
     < Default (multiple host threads can use ::cudaSetDevice() with device simultaneously) >

deviceQuery, CUDA Driver = CUDART, CUDA Driver Version = 12.0, CUDA Runtime Version = 11.8, NumDevs = 1, Device0 = NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3070 Laptop GPU
Result = PASS

执行/usr/local/cuda/extras/demo_suite/bandwidthTest,应该有以下类似输出:

shell 复制代码
[CUDA Bandwidth Test] - Starting...
Running on...

 Device 0: NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3070 Laptop GPU
 Quick Mode

 Host to Device Bandwidth, 1 Device(s)
 PINNED Memory Transfers
   Transfer Size (Bytes)	Bandwidth(MB/s)
   33554432			12499.4

 Device to Host Bandwidth, 1 Device(s)
 PINNED Memory Transfers
   Transfer Size (Bytes)	Bandwidth(MB/s)
   33554432			12843.0

 Device to Device Bandwidth, 1 Device(s)
 PINNED Memory Transfers
   Transfer Size (Bytes)	Bandwidth(MB/s)
   33554432			384586.5

Result = PASS

NOTE: The CUDA Samples are not meant for performance measurements. Results may vary when GPU Boost is enabled.
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