专栏链接:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_33345365/category_12578430.html
初次编辑:2024/3/7;最后编辑:2024/3/8
参考网站-微软教程:https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/training/modules/intro-computer-vision-pytorch
更多的内容可以参考本作者其他专栏:
Pytorch基础:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_33345365/category_12591348.html
Pytorch NLP基础:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_33345365/category_12597850.html
使用预训练的网络进行迁移学习
预训练模型与迁移学习 Pre-trained models and transfer learning
训练卷积神经网络可能需要大量时间,而且需要大量数据。然而,许多时间都花在了学习网络用于从图像中提取模式的最佳低级滤波器上。一个自然的问题是 - 我们是否可以使用一个在一个数据集上训练过的神经网络,将其适应于对不同图像进行分类而无需完全训练过程?
这种方法被称为迁移学习(transfer learning),因为从一个神经网络模型向另一个模型转移了一些知识。在迁移学习中,我们通常从一个预训练模型开始,该模型已经在一些大型图像数据集(例如ImageNet)上进行了训练。这些模型已经能够很好地从通用图像中提取不同的特征,在许多情况下,只需在这些提取的特征之上构建一个分类器就可以得到很好的结果。
使用以下python代码来帮助构建代码:
python
# Script file to hide implementation details for PyTorch computer vision module
import builtins
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils import data
import torchvision
from torchvision.transforms import ToTensor
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
import glob
import os
import zipfile
default_device = 'cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'
def load_mnist(batch_size=64):
builtins.data_train = torchvision.datasets.MNIST('./data',
download=True, train=True, transform=ToTensor())
builtins.data_test = torchvision.datasets.MNIST('./data',
download=True, train=False, transform=ToTensor())
builtins.train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(data_train, batch_size=batch_size)
builtins.test_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(data_test, batch_size=batch_size)
def train_epoch(net, dataloader, lr=0.01, optimizer=None, loss_fn=nn.NLLLoss()):
optimizer = optimizer or torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
net.train()
total_loss, acc, count = 0, 0, 0
for features, labels in dataloader:
optimizer.zero_grad()
lbls = labels.to(default_device)
out = net(features.to(default_device))
loss = loss_fn(out, lbls) # cross_entropy(out,labels)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
total_loss += loss
_, predicted = torch.max(out, 1)
acc += (predicted == lbls).sum()
count += len(labels)
return total_loss.item() / count, acc.item() / count
def validate(net, dataloader, loss_fn=nn.NLLLoss()):
net.eval()
count, acc, loss = 0, 0, 0
with torch.no_grad():
for features, labels in dataloader:
lbls = labels.to(default_device)
out = net(features.to(default_device))
loss += loss_fn(out, lbls)
pred = torch.max(out, 1)[1]
acc += (pred == lbls).sum()
count += len(labels)
return loss.item() / count, acc.item() / count
def train(net, train_loader, test_loader, optimizer=None, lr=0.01, epochs=10, loss_fn=nn.NLLLoss()):
optimizer = optimizer or torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
res = {'train_loss': [], 'train_acc': [], 'val_loss': [], 'val_acc': []}
for ep in range(epochs):
tl, ta = train_epoch(net, train_loader, optimizer=optimizer, lr=lr, loss_fn=loss_fn)
vl, va = validate(net, test_loader, loss_fn=loss_fn)
print(f"Epoch {ep:2}, Train acc={ta:.3f}, Val acc={va:.3f}, Train loss={tl:.3f}, Val loss={vl:.3f}")
res['train_loss'].append(tl)
res['train_acc'].append(ta)
res['val_loss'].append(vl)
res['val_acc'].append(va)
return res
def train_long(net, train_loader, test_loader, epochs=5, lr=0.01, optimizer=None, loss_fn=nn.NLLLoss(), print_freq=10):
optimizer = optimizer or torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
for epoch in range(epochs):
net.train()
total_loss, acc, count = 0, 0, 0
for i, (features, labels) in enumerate(train_loader):
lbls = labels.to(default_device)
optimizer.zero_grad()
out = net(features.to(default_device))
loss = loss_fn(out, lbls)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
total_loss += loss
_, predicted = torch.max(out, 1)
acc += (predicted == lbls).sum()
count += len(labels)
if i % print_freq == 0:
print("Epoch {}, minibatch {}: train acc = {}, train loss = {}".format(epoch, i, acc.item() / count,
total_loss.item() / count))
vl, va = validate(net, test_loader, loss_fn)
print("Epoch {} done, validation acc = {}, validation loss = {}".format(epoch, va, vl))
def plot_results(hist):
plt.figure(figsize=(15, 5))
plt.subplot(121)
plt.plot(hist['train_acc'], label='Training acc')
plt.plot(hist['val_acc'], label='Validation acc')
plt.legend()
plt.subplot(122)
plt.plot(hist['train_loss'], label='Training loss')
plt.plot(hist['val_loss'], label='Validation loss')
plt.legend()
def plot_convolution(t, title=''):
with torch.no_grad():
c = nn.Conv2d(kernel_size=(3, 3), out_channels=1, in_channels=1)
c.weight.copy_(t)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 6, figsize=(8, 3))
fig.suptitle(title, fontsize=16)
for i in range(5):
im = data_train[i][0]
ax[0][i].imshow(im[0])
ax[1][i].imshow(c(im.unsqueeze(0))[0][0])
ax[0][i].axis('off')
ax[1][i].axis('off')
ax[0, 5].imshow(t)
ax[0, 5].axis('off')
ax[1, 5].axis('off')
# plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
def display_dataset(dataset, n=10, classes=None):
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, n, figsize=(15, 3))
mn = min([dataset[i][0].min() for i in range(n)])
mx = max([dataset[i][0].max() for i in range(n)])
for i in range(n):
ax[i].imshow(np.transpose((dataset[i][0] - mn) / (mx - mn), (1, 2, 0)))
ax[i].axis('off')
if classes:
ax[i].set_title(classes[dataset[i][1]])
def check_image(fn):
try:
im = Image.open(fn)
im.verify()
return True
except:
return False
def check_image_dir(path):
for fn in glob.glob(path):
if not check_image(fn):
print("Corrupt image: {}".format(fn))
os.remove(fn)
def common_transform():
std_normalize = torchvision.transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406],
std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
trans = torchvision.transforms.Compose([
torchvision.transforms.Resize(256),
torchvision.transforms.CenterCrop(224),
torchvision.transforms.ToTensor(),
std_normalize])
return trans
def load_cats_dogs_dataset():
if not os.path.exists('data/PetImages'):
with zipfile.ZipFile('data/kagglecatsanddogs_5340.zip', 'r') as zip_ref:
zip_ref.extractall('data')
check_image_dir('data/PetImages/Cat/*.jpg')
check_image_dir('data/PetImages/Dog/*.jpg')
dataset = torchvision.datasets.ImageFolder('data/PetImages', transform=common_transform())
trainset, testset = torch.utils.data.random_split(dataset, [20000, len(dataset) - 20000])
trainloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=32)
testloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=32)
return dataset, trainloader, testloader
版本要求:
torchvision==0.13.0
torch==1.12.0
创建一个新文件,加载类
python
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torchvision
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from torchinfo import summary
import numpy as np
import os
from pytorchcv import train, plot_results, display_dataset, train_long, check_image_dir
Cats vs. Dogs 数据集
本单元将解决一个现实生活中的猫和狗图像分类问题。为此,将使用 Kaggle Cats vs. Dogs Dataset这个数据集,下载完成将压缩包放到data目录下。
数据集网址:https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=54765
添加如下代码来解压缩:
python
import zipfile
if not os.path.exists('data/PetImages'):
with zipfile.ZipFile('data/kagglecatsanddogs_5340.zip', 'r') as zip_ref:
zip_ref.extractall('data')
很遗憾,数据集中存在一些损坏的图像文件。我们需要快速清理以检查损坏的文件。为了不干扰本教程,我们将验证数据集的代码移到一个模块中,并在此处调用它。check_image_dir
会逐个图像地检查整个数据集,尝试加载图像并检查是否可以正确加载。所有损坏的图像都会被删除。
python
check_image_dir('data/PetImages/Cat/*.jpg')
check_image_dir('data/PetImages/Dog/*.jpg')
输出是:
Corrupt image: data/PetImages/Cat\666.jpg
Corrupt image: data/PetImages/Dog\11702.jpg
接下来,将图像加载到PyTorch数据集中,将它们转换为张量并进行一些归一化。我们通过使用Compose
组合几个基本变换来定义图像变换管道:
Resize
将图像调整为 256x256 尺寸CenterCrop
获取尺寸为 224x224 的图像中心部分。预训练的VGG网络是在 224x224 的图像上进行训练的,因此我们需要将我们的数据集调整到这个尺寸。ToTensor
将像素强度归一化为 0 到 1 的范围,并将图像转换为 PyTorch 张量std_normalize
变换是VGG网络的附加归一化步骤。在训练VGG网络时,ImageNet中的原始图像经过了颜色平均强度的减法和颜色标准差的除法(也是按颜色进行的)。因此,我们需要对我们的数据集应用相同的变换,以便所有图像都被正确处理。
我们将图像调整为尺寸为 256,然后裁剪为 224 像素有几个原因:
- 我们想要展示更多可能的转换。
- 宠物通常在图像的中心部分,因此通过更多地关注中心部分,我们可以提高分类效果。
- 由于一些图像不是正方形的,我们最终会有一些填充部分不包含任何有用的图像数据,稍微裁剪图像会减少填充部分。
python
std_normalize = transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406],
std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
trans = transforms.Compose([
transforms.Resize(256),
transforms.CenterCrop(224),
transforms.ToTensor(),
std_normalize])
dataset = torchvision.datasets.ImageFolder('data/PetImages',transform=trans)
trainset, testset = torch.utils.data.random_split(dataset,[20000,len(dataset)-20000])
display_dataset(dataset)
预训练模型
torchvision模块中提供了许多不同的预训练模型,甚至还可以在互联网上找到更多模型。让我们看看如何加载和使用最简单的VGG-16模型。首先,我们将下载在本地存储的VGG-16模型的权重。
- 创建文件夹:mkdir -p models
- 下载模型:wget -P models https://github.com/MicrosoftDocs/pytorchfundamentals/raw/main/computer-vision-pytorch/vgg16-397923af.pth
接下来,我们将使用load_state_dict
方法将权重加载到预训练的VGG-16模型中。然后,使用eval
方法将模型设置为推断模式。
python
file_path = 'models/vgg16-397923af.pth'
vgg = torchvision.models.vgg16()
vgg.load_state_dict(torch.load(file_path))
vgg.eval()
sample_image = dataset[0][0].unsqueeze(0)
res = vgg(sample_image)
print(res[0].argmax())
输出:
tensor(282)
我们收到的结果是ImageNet类的编号,可以在这里查找。我们可以使用以下代码自动加载这个类表并返回结果:
python
import json, requests
class_map = json.loads(requests.get("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MicrosoftDocs/pytorchfundamentals/main/computer-vision-pytorch/imagenet_class_index.json").text)
class_map = { int(k) : v for k,v in class_map.items() }
class_map[res[0].argmax().item()]
输出是:
['n02123045', 'tabby']
打印出VGG-16网络的架构:
==========================================================================================
Layer (type:depth-idx) Output Shape Param #
==========================================================================================
VGG -- --
├─Sequential: 1-1 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-1 [1, 64, 224, 224] 1,792
│ └─ReLU: 2-2 [1, 64, 224, 224] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-3 [1, 64, 224, 224] 36,928
│ └─ReLU: 2-4 [1, 64, 224, 224] --
│ └─MaxPool2d: 2-5 [1, 64, 112, 112] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-6 [1, 128, 112, 112] 73,856
│ └─ReLU: 2-7 [1, 128, 112, 112] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-8 [1, 128, 112, 112] 147,584
│ └─ReLU: 2-9 [1, 128, 112, 112] --
│ └─MaxPool2d: 2-10 [1, 128, 56, 56] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-11 [1, 256, 56, 56] 295,168
│ └─ReLU: 2-12 [1, 256, 56, 56] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-13 [1, 256, 56, 56] 590,080
│ └─ReLU: 2-14 [1, 256, 56, 56] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-15 [1, 256, 56, 56] 590,080
│ └─ReLU: 2-16 [1, 256, 56, 56] --
│ └─MaxPool2d: 2-17 [1, 256, 28, 28] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-18 [1, 512, 28, 28] 1,180,160
│ └─ReLU: 2-19 [1, 512, 28, 28] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-20 [1, 512, 28, 28] 2,359,808
│ └─ReLU: 2-21 [1, 512, 28, 28] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-22 [1, 512, 28, 28] 2,359,808
│ └─ReLU: 2-23 [1, 512, 28, 28] --
│ └─MaxPool2d: 2-24 [1, 512, 14, 14] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-25 [1, 512, 14, 14] 2,359,808
│ └─ReLU: 2-26 [1, 512, 14, 14] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-27 [1, 512, 14, 14] 2,359,808
│ └─ReLU: 2-28 [1, 512, 14, 14] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-29 [1, 512, 14, 14] 2,359,808
│ └─ReLU: 2-30 [1, 512, 14, 14] --
│ └─MaxPool2d: 2-31 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
├─AdaptiveAvgPool2d: 1-2 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
├─Sequential: 1-3 [1, 1000] --
│ └─Linear: 2-32 [1, 4096] 102,764,544
│ └─ReLU: 2-33 [1, 4096] --
│ └─Dropout: 2-34 [1, 4096] --
│ └─Linear: 2-35 [1, 4096] 16,781,312
│ └─ReLU: 2-36 [1, 4096] --
│ └─Dropout: 2-37 [1, 4096] --
│ └─Linear: 2-38 [1, 1000] 4,097,000
==========================================================================================
Total params: 138,357,544
Trainable params: 138,357,544
Non-trainable params: 0
Total mult-adds (G): 15.48
==========================================================================================
Input size (MB): 0.60
Forward/backward pass size (MB): 108.45
Params size (MB): 553.43
Estimated Total Size (MB): 662.49
==========================================================================================
除了我们已经了解的层之外,还有另一种称为Dropout的层类型。这些层作为正则化(regularization)技术。正则化对学习算法进行轻微修改,使模型更好地泛化。在训练过程中,Dropout层会舍弃前一层中的一定比例(大约30%)的神经元,并且在没有它们的情况下进行训练。这有助于使优化过程摆脱局部最小值,并将决策能力分布在不同的神经路径之间,从而提高网络的整体稳定性。
GPU计算
深度神经网络,例如VGG-16和其他更现代的架构,需要相当大的计算能力才能运行。如果可用的话,使用GPU加速是有意义的。为了做到这一点,我们需要显式地将参与计算的所有张量移动到GPU上。通常的做法是在代码中检查GPU的可用性,并定义一个指向计算设备(GPU或CPU)的设备变量。
python
device = 'cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'
print('Doing computations on device = {}'.format(device))
vgg.to(device)
sample_image = sample_image.to(device)
vgg(sample_image).argmax()
提取VGG特征
如果我们想要使用VGG-16来从我们的图像中提取特征,我们需要没有最终分类层的模型。实际上,可以使用vgg.features
方法来获取这个"特征提取器"。
python
res = vgg.features(sample_image).cpu()
plt.figure(figsize=(15,3))
plt.imshow(res.detach().view(-1,512))
print(res.size())
输出是:
torch.Size([1, 512, 7, 7])
特征张量的维度是512x7x7,但为了可视化它,必须将其重塑为2D形式。
现在让我们尝试看看这些特征是否可以用来对图像进行分类。让我们手动选择一些图像的部分(在我们的案例中为800张),并预先计算它们的特征向量。我们将结果存储在一个称为feature_tensor
的大张量中,并将标签存储在label_tensor
中:
python
bs = 8
dl = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(dataset,batch_size=bs,shuffle=True)
num = bs*100
feature_tensor = torch.zeros(num,512*7*7).to(device)
label_tensor = torch.zeros(num).to(device)
i = 0
for x,l in dl:
with torch.no_grad():
f = vgg.features(x.to(device))
feature_tensor[i:i+bs] = f.view(bs,-1)
label_tensor[i:i+bs] = l
i+=bs
print('.',end='')
if i>=num:
break
现在我们可以定义vgg_dataset
,从这个张量中获取数据,使用random_split
函数将其分割成训练集和测试集,并在提取的特征之上训练一个小型单层密集分类器网络。
python
vgg_dataset = torch.utils.data.TensorDataset(feature_tensor,label_tensor.to(torch.long))
train_ds, test_ds = torch.utils.data.random_split(vgg_dataset,[700,100])
train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(train_ds,batch_size=32)
test_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(test_ds,batch_size=32)
net = torch.nn.Sequential(torch.nn.Linear(512*7*7,2),torch.nn.LogSoftmax()).to(device)
history = train(net,train_loader,test_loader)
输出:
Epoch 0, Train acc=0.879, Val acc=0.990, Train loss=0.110, Val loss=0.007
Epoch 1, Train acc=0.981, Val acc=0.980, Train loss=0.015, Val loss=0.021
Epoch 2, Train acc=0.999, Val acc=0.990, Train loss=0.001, Val loss=0.002
Epoch 3, Train acc=1.000, Val acc=0.980, Train loss=0.000, Val loss=0.002
Epoch 4, Train acc=1.000, Val acc=0.980, Train loss=0.000, Val loss=0.002
Epoch 5, Train acc=1.000, Val acc=0.980, Train loss=0.000, Val loss=0.002
Epoch 6, Train acc=1.000, Val acc=0.980, Train loss=0.000, Val loss=0.002
Epoch 7, Train acc=1.000, Val acc=0.980, Train loss=0.000, Val loss=0.002
Epoch 8, Train acc=1.000, Val acc=0.980, Train loss=0.000, Val loss=0.002
Epoch 9, Train acc=1.000, Val acc=0.980, Train loss=0.000, Val loss=0.002
结果很好,我们几乎可以以98%的概率区分猫和狗!然而,我们只是在所有图像的一个小子集上测试了这种方法,因为手动特征提取似乎需要很长时间。
使用一个VGG网络进行迁移学习
我们也可以通过在训练过程中使用原始的VGG-16网络作为一个整体来避免手动预先计算特征。让我们看看VGG-16的对象结构:
python
print(vgg)
输出是:
VGG(
(features): Sequential(
(0): Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(1): ReLU(inplace=True)
(2): Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(3): ReLU(inplace=True)
(4): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
(5): Conv2d(64, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(6): ReLU(inplace=True)
(7): Conv2d(128, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(8): ReLU(inplace=True)
(9): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
(10): Conv2d(128, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(11): ReLU(inplace=True)
(12): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(13): ReLU(inplace=True)
(14): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(15): ReLU(inplace=True)
(16): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
(17): Conv2d(256, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(18): ReLU(inplace=True)
(19): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(20): ReLU(inplace=True)
(21): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(22): ReLU(inplace=True)
(23): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
(24): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(25): ReLU(inplace=True)
(26): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(27): ReLU(inplace=True)
(28): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
(29): ReLU(inplace=True)
(30): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
)
(avgpool): AdaptiveAvgPool2d(output_size=(7, 7))
(classifier): Sequential(
(0): Linear(in_features=25088, out_features=4096, bias=True)
(1): ReLU(inplace=True)
(2): Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=False)
(3): Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=4096, bias=True)
(4): ReLU(inplace=True)
(5): Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=False)
(6): Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=1000, bias=True)
)
)
网络包含以下组件:
- 特征提取器(
features
),由多个卷积层和池化层组成 - 平均池化层(
avgpool
) - 最终的
classifier
,由几个密集层组成,将25088个输入特征转换为1000个类别(这是ImageNet中的类别数)
为了训练能够对我们的数据集进行分类的端到端模型,我们需要:
- 替换最终的分类器 ,使用一个能够产生所需类别数的分类器。在我们的情况下,我们可以使用一个具有25088个输入和2个输出神经元的
Linear
层。 - 冻结卷积特征提取器的权重 ,以防它们被训练。建议最初执行此冻结,因为否则未经训练的分类器层可能会破坏卷积特征提取器的原始预训练权重。可以通过将所有参数的
requires_grad
属性设置为False
来冻结权重。
python
vgg.classifier = torch.nn.Linear(25088,2).to(device)
for x in vgg.features.parameters():
x.requires_grad = False
summary(vgg,(1, 3,244,244))
输出是:
python
==========================================================================================
Layer (type:depth-idx) Output Shape Param #
==========================================================================================
VGG -- --
├─Sequential: 1-1 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-1 [1, 64, 244, 244] (1,792)
│ └─ReLU: 2-2 [1, 64, 244, 244] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-3 [1, 64, 244, 244] (36,928)
│ └─ReLU: 2-4 [1, 64, 244, 244] --
│ └─MaxPool2d: 2-5 [1, 64, 122, 122] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-6 [1, 128, 122, 122] (73,856)
│ └─ReLU: 2-7 [1, 128, 122, 122] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-8 [1, 128, 122, 122] (147,584)
│ └─ReLU: 2-9 [1, 128, 122, 122] --
│ └─MaxPool2d: 2-10 [1, 128, 61, 61] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-11 [1, 256, 61, 61] (295,168)
│ └─ReLU: 2-12 [1, 256, 61, 61] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-13 [1, 256, 61, 61] (590,080)
│ └─ReLU: 2-14 [1, 256, 61, 61] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-15 [1, 256, 61, 61] (590,080)
│ └─ReLU: 2-16 [1, 256, 61, 61] --
│ └─MaxPool2d: 2-17 [1, 256, 30, 30] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-18 [1, 512, 30, 30] (1,180,160)
│ └─ReLU: 2-19 [1, 512, 30, 30] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-20 [1, 512, 30, 30] (2,359,808)
│ └─ReLU: 2-21 [1, 512, 30, 30] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-22 [1, 512, 30, 30] (2,359,808)
│ └─ReLU: 2-23 [1, 512, 30, 30] --
│ └─MaxPool2d: 2-24 [1, 512, 15, 15] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-25 [1, 512, 15, 15] (2,359,808)
│ └─ReLU: 2-26 [1, 512, 15, 15] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-27 [1, 512, 15, 15] (2,359,808)
│ └─ReLU: 2-28 [1, 512, 15, 15] --
│ └─Conv2d: 2-29 [1, 512, 15, 15] (2,359,808)
│ └─ReLU: 2-30 [1, 512, 15, 15] --
│ └─MaxPool2d: 2-31 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
├─AdaptiveAvgPool2d: 1-2 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
├─Linear: 1-3 [1, 2] 50,178
==========================================================================================
Total params: 14,764,866
Trainable params: 50,178
Non-trainable params: 14,714,688
Total mult-adds (G): 17.99
==========================================================================================
Input size (MB): 0.71
Forward/backward pass size (MB): 128.13
Params size (MB): 59.06
Estimated Total Size (MB): 187.91
==========================================================================================
从摘要中可以看出,这个模型总共包含大约1500万个参数,但其中只有50万个是可训练的 - 这些是分类层的权重。这是好事,因为我们可以用更少的示例来微调更少的参数。
现在让我们使用我们的原始数据集来训练模型。这个过程会花费很长时间,所以我们将使用train_long
函数,它会在等待周期结束之前打印一些中间结果。强烈建议在启用GPU的计算机上运行这个训练!
python
trainset, testset = torch.utils.data.random_split(dataset,[20000,len(dataset)-20000])
train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(trainset,batch_size=16)
test_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(testset,batch_size=16)
train_long(vgg,train_loader,test_loader,loss_fn=torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss(),epochs=1,print_freq=90)
输出:
Epoch 0, minibatch 180: train acc = 0.9582182320441989, train loss = 0.12481052967724879
Epoch 0, minibatch 270: train acc = 0.9587177121771218, train loss = 0.14185787918822793
Epoch 0, minibatch 360: train acc = 0.9634695290858726, train loss = 0.14566257719848294
Epoch 0, minibatch 450: train acc = 0.966879157427938, train loss = 0.13402751914149114
Epoch 0, minibatch 540: train acc = 0.9686922365988909, train loss = 0.13931148902766144
Epoch 0, minibatch 630: train acc = 0.9694928684627575, train loss = 0.1386710044510202
Epoch 0, minibatch 720: train acc = 0.970613730929265, train loss = 0.13363790313678375
Epoch 0, minibatch 810: train acc = 0.9709463625154131, train loss = 0.1342217084364885
Epoch 0, minibatch 900: train acc = 0.9721143174250833, train loss = 0.13233261023721474
Epoch 0, minibatch 990: train acc = 0.9726286579212916, train loss = 0.1334670727957871
Epoch 0, minibatch 1080: train acc = 0.9733464384828863, train loss = 0.13777193110039893
Epoch 0, minibatch 1170: train acc = 0.9734735269000854, train loss = 0.14239378162778207
Epoch 0 done, validation acc = 0.9671868747499, validation loss = 0.25287964306816474
看起来我们已经获得了相当准确的猫与狗分类器!让我们把它保存起来以备将来使用!
python
torch.save(vgg,'data/cats_dogs.pth')
我们随时可以从文件中加载模型。如果下一个实验破坏了模型,您可能会发现这很有用 - 您不必从头开始重新启动。
python
vgg = torch.load('data/cats_dogs.pth')
微调迁移学习
在上一节中,我们训练了最终的分类器层来对我们自己数据集中的图像进行分类。然而,我们没有重新训练特征提取器,并且我们的模型依赖于模型在ImageNet数据上学到的特征。如果您的对象在视觉上与普通的ImageNet图像不同,那么这些特征的组合可能效果不佳。因此,开始训练卷积层也是有意义的。
为了做到这一点,我们可以解冻之前冻结的卷积滤波器参数。
**注意:**重要的是,您首先冻结参数并进行几个周期的训练,以稳定分类层中的权重。如果您立即开始对解冻参数进行端到端网络的训练,很可能会因为大误差而破坏卷积层中的预训练权重。
python
for x in vgg.features.parameters():
x.requires_grad = True
在解冻后,我们可以进行几个额外的周期训练。您还可以选择较低的学习率,以最小化对预训练权重的影响。然而,即使采用较低的学习率,您可以预期在训练开始时准确度会下降,直到最终达到略高于固定权重情况下的水平。
**注意:**这种训练速度要慢得多,因为我们需要将梯度传播回网络的许多层!您可能希望观察前几个小批次的趋势,然后停止计算。
python
train_long(vgg,train_loader,test_loader,loss_fn=torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss(),epochs=1,print_freq=90,lr=0.0001)
输出:
python
Epoch 0, minibatch 0: train acc = 1.0, train loss = 0.0
Epoch 0, minibatch 90: train acc = 0.8990384615384616, train loss = 0.2978392171335744
Epoch 0, minibatch 180: train acc = 0.9060773480662984, train loss = 0.1658294214069514
Epoch 0, minibatch 270: train acc = 0.9102859778597786, train loss = 0.11819224340009514
Epoch 0, minibatch 360: train acc = 0.9191481994459834, train loss = 0.09244130522920814
Epoch 0, minibatch 450: train acc = 0.9261363636363636, train loss = 0.07583886292451236
Epoch 0, minibatch 540: train acc = 0.928373382624769, train loss = 0.06537413817456822
Epoch 0, minibatch 630: train acc = 0.9318541996830428, train loss = 0.057419379426257924
Epoch 0, minibatch 720: train acc = 0.9361130374479889, train loss = 0.05114534460059813
Epoch 0, minibatch 810: train acc = 0.938347718865598, train loss = 0.04657612246737968
Epoch 0, minibatch 900: train acc = 0.9407602663706992, train loss = 0.04258851655712403
Epoch 0, minibatch 990: train acc = 0.9431130171543896, train loss = 0.03927870595491257
Epoch 0, minibatch 1080: train acc = 0.945536540240518, train loss = 0.03652716609309053
Epoch 0, minibatch 1170: train acc = 0.9463065755764304, train loss = 0.03445258006186286
Epoch 0 done, validation acc = 0.974389755902361, validation loss = 0.005457923144233279
其他CV模型
VGG-16是最简单的计算机视觉架构之一。torchvision
包提供了许多更多预训练网络。其中最常用的是由Microsoft开发的ResNet 架构和由Google开发的Inception。例如,让我们探索最简单的ResNet-18模型的架构(ResNet是一个具有不同深度的模型系列,您可以尝试使用ResNet-151来查看真正深度模型的外观)。
python
resnet = torchvision.models.resnet18()
print(resnet)
输出为:
ResNet(
(conv1): Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=(7, 7), stride=(2, 2), padding=(3, 3), bias=False)
(bn1): BatchNorm2d(64, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(relu): ReLU(inplace=True)
(maxpool): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
(layer1): Sequential(
(0): BasicBlock(
(conv1): Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn1): BatchNorm2d(64, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(relu): ReLU(inplace=True)
(conv2): Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn2): BatchNorm2d(64, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
)
(1): BasicBlock(
(conv1): Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn1): BatchNorm2d(64, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(relu): ReLU(inplace=True)
(conv2): Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn2): BatchNorm2d(64, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
)
)
(layer2): Sequential(
(0): BasicBlock(
(conv1): Conv2d(64, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(2, 2), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn1): BatchNorm2d(128, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(relu): ReLU(inplace=True)
(conv2): Conv2d(128, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn2): BatchNorm2d(128, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(downsample): Sequential(
(0): Conv2d(64, 128, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False)
(1): BatchNorm2d(128, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
)
)
(1): BasicBlock(
(conv1): Conv2d(128, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn1): BatchNorm2d(128, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(relu): ReLU(inplace=True)
(conv2): Conv2d(128, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn2): BatchNorm2d(128, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
)
)
(layer3): Sequential(
(0): BasicBlock(
(conv1): Conv2d(128, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(2, 2), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn1): BatchNorm2d(256, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(relu): ReLU(inplace=True)
(conv2): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn2): BatchNorm2d(256, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(downsample): Sequential(
(0): Conv2d(128, 256, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False)
(1): BatchNorm2d(256, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
)
)
(1): BasicBlock(
(conv1): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn1): BatchNorm2d(256, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(relu): ReLU(inplace=True)
(conv2): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn2): BatchNorm2d(256, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
)
)
(layer4): Sequential(
(0): BasicBlock(
(conv1): Conv2d(256, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(2, 2), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn1): BatchNorm2d(512, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(relu): ReLU(inplace=True)
(conv2): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn2): BatchNorm2d(512, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(downsample): Sequential(
(0): Conv2d(256, 512, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(2, 2), bias=False)
(1): BatchNorm2d(512, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
)
)
(1): BasicBlock(
(conv1): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn1): BatchNorm2d(512, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(relu): ReLU(inplace=True)
(conv2): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1), bias=False)
(bn2): BatchNorm2d(512, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
)
)
(avgpool): AdaptiveAvgPool2d(output_size=(1, 1))
(fc): Linear(in_features=512, out_features=1000, bias=True)
)
如您所见,该模型包含相同的构建块:特征提取器和最终分类器(fc
)。这使得我们可以以与我们一直在使用VGG-16进行迁移学习相同的方式使用该模型。您可以尝试使用上面的代码,将不同的ResNet模型作为基础模型,并查看准确率如何变化。
批量归一化 Batch Normalization
该网络还包含另一种类型的层:批量归一化。批量归一化的思想是将通过神经网络流动的值调整到正确的区间。通常情况下,当所有值都在[-1,1]或[0,1]的范围内时,神经网络的工作效果最佳,这也是我们相应地缩放/规范化输入数据的原因。然而,在训练深度网络时,可能会出现值明显超出此范围的情况,这会使训练变得困难。批量归一化层计算当前小批量的所有值的平均值和标准差,并使用它们在通过神经网络层之前对信号进行归一化。这显着提高了深度网络的稳定性。
总结
使用迁移学习,我们能够快速地为我们的自定义对象分类任务组建一个分类器,并实现高准确率。然而,这个例子并不完全公平,因为原始的VGG-16网络是预先训练的,用于识别猫和狗,因此我们只是重复使用了网络中已经存在的大部分模式。您可以预期在更奇特的领域特定对象上,例如工厂生产线上的细节或不同的树叶上,准确率会更低。
您可以看到,我们现在解决的更复杂的任务需要更高的计算能力,并且不能轻易在CPU上解决。在下一个单元中,我们将尝试使用更轻量级的实现来使用更低的计算资源训练相同的模型,这将导致略低的准确率。