通常,我们可以通过观察画出近似的波德图,而不需要大量杂乱的代数和不可避免的相关代数错误。使用这种方法可以对电路的工作原理有很大的了解。在不同频率下,哪些元件主导电路响应变得很清楚,因此合适的近似变得很明显。可以直接得到转折频率和渐近线的近似解析表达式。可以构造相当复杂的网络的阻抗和传递函数。因此,可以获得洞察力,以便设计工程师可以修改电路以获得所需的频率响应。
图形构造方法,也被称为"在图上做代数",涉及使用一些简单的规则来组合阻抗和传递函数的幅值波德图。
3.1串联阻抗:渐近线的加法
串联连接表示阻抗的增加。如果单个阻抗幅值的波德图是已知的,那么通过简单地取单个阻抗渐近线中的最大值就可以求出串联组合的渐近线。在许多情况下,结果是精确的。在其他情况下,例如当个别渐近线具有相同的斜率时,则结果是近似值;尽管如此,这种近似法的精确度还是相当不错的。
考虑如下图所示的串联R -C网络。
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需要构造总串联阻抗Z (s)的幅值渐近线,其中:
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让我们先画出各个阻抗的大小。10 Ω电阻器的阻抗值为10 Ω⇒20 dBΩ。该值与频率无关,如下图8.41所示。
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电容器的阻抗值为1/ωC。这个量与ω成反比,因此它的幅值波德图是一个斜率为- 20 dB/十倍频程的直线。线在角频率ω处通过1 Ω⇒0 dBΩ,其中:
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即,在:
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用频率f表示,它发生在:
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故电容阻抗幅值是一条斜率为-20dB/十倍频程的线,在159kHz时通过0dBΩ,如下图所示。
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