C语言入门课程学习笔记9:指针

C语言入门课程学习笔记9

第41课 - 指针:一种特殊的变量




实验-指针的使用

cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int var = 0;
    int another = 0;
    int* pVar = NULL;

    printf("1. var = %d\n", var);
    printf("1. pVar = %p\n", pVar);

    pVar = &var;  // 使用指针保存变量的地址

    *pVar = 100;  // *pVar 等价于 var , var = 100;

    printf("2. var = %d\n", var);
    printf("2. pVar = %p\n", pVar);

    pVar = &another;  // 改变了 pVar 的指向,使得 pVar 保存 another 的地址

    *pVar = 1000;     // another = 1000;

    printf("3. another = %d\n", another);
    printf("3. pVar = %p\n", pVar);

    printf("4. add ==> %d\n", var + another + *pVar);   // 100 + 1000 + 1000  ==> 2100

    return 0;
}
/*
1. var = 0
1. pVar = 0000000000000000
2. var = 100
2. pVar = 000000000061FE14
3. another = 1000
3. pVar = 000000000061FE10
4. add ==> 2100
*/




小结

第42课 - 深入理解指针与地址



实验-指针的类型

cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int i = 10;
    float f = 10;

    int* pi = &f;    // WARNING  int* 指向了float
    float* pf = &f;  // OK

    printf("pi = %p, pf = %p\n", pi, pf);
    printf("*pi = %d, *pf = %f\n", *pi, *pf);

    pi = i;   // WARNING  

    *pi = 110;  // OOPS

    printf("pi = %p, *pi = %d\n", pi, *pi);

    return 0;
}




实验

cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>

int calculate(int n, long long* pa, long long* pm)
{
    int ret = 1;

    if( (1 <= n) && (n <= 20) )
    {
        int i = 0;

        *pa = 0;
        *pm = 1;

        for(i=1; i<=n; i++)//  0+1+...+n
        {			//1*1*...*n
            *pa = *pa + i;
            *pm = *pm * i;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        ret = 0;
    }

    return ret;
}

int main()
{
    long long ar = 0;
    long long mr = 0;

    if( calculate(5, &ar, &mr) )
        printf("ar = %lld, mr = %lld\n", ar, mr);//15   1*2*3*4*5=120

    return 0;
}


实验

cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>

void func(int* p)
{
    *p = 100;   // 修改内存中 4 字节的数据,即:修改一个整型变量的值
}

void swap(int* pa, int* pb)//通过指针交换变量
{
    int t = 0;

    t = *pa;
    *pa = *pb;
    *pb = t;
}

int main()
{
    int var = 0;
    int a = 1, b = 2;

    printf("1. var = %d\n", var);

    func( &var );

    printf("2. var = %d\n", var);//100

    printf("3. a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);

    swap(&a, &b);

    printf("4. a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);

    return 0;
}

小结

第43课 - 指针与数组(上)




实验

cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 0};
    int* p = a;  // a 的类型为 int*, &a[0] ==> int*
    int (*pa) [5] = &a;//指向数组的指针  注意指针类型

    printf("%p, %p\n", p, a);

    p++;//p+1==== p+1*sizeof(p)

    *p = 100;  // a[1] = 100;

    printf("%d, %d\n", *p, a[1]);
    printf("%p, %p\n", &a, a);//????值一样 但是意思不一样,数组的地址  数组首元素的地址

    p = pa;   // WARNING  !!!!   warning: assignment to 'int *' from incompatible pointer type 'int (*)[5]' 

    p = a;

    while( *p )
    {
        printf("%d\n", *p);

        p++;
    }

    return 0;
}
/*
000000000061FDF0, 000000000061FDF0
100, 100
000000000061FDF0, 000000000061FDF0
1
100
3
4
*/

小结

第44课 - 指针与数组(下)


实验

cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    int* p = a;
    int i = 0;

    // a[i] <==> *(a+i) <==> *(p+i) <==> p[i]

    for(i=0; i<5; i++)
    {
        printf("%d, %d\n", a[i], *(a + i));
    }

    for(i=0; i<5; i++)
    {
        printf("%d, %d\n", a[i], p[i]);
    }

    for(i=0; i<5; i++)
    {
        printf("%d, %d\n", p[i], *(p + i));
    }

    printf("a = %p, p = %p\n", a, p);//值相同
    printf("&a = %p, &p = %p\n", &a, &p);//值不同

    return 0;
}



实验

cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a[] = {1, 2, 3};
    int* p = a;
    int v = *p++;//int v=*p,p++;

    char* s = NULL;

    printf("%p\n", "D.T.Software");
    printf("%p\n", "D.T.Software");

    printf("v = %d, *p = %d\n", v, *p);

    printf("First = %c\n", *"D.T.Software");

    s = "D.T.Software";

    while( *s ) printf("%c", *s++);

    printf("\n");

    return 0;
}
/*
0000000000404000
0000000000404000
v = 1, *p = 2
First = D
D.T.Software
*/

小结

第45课 - 指针与函数







实验

cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>

int add(int a, int b)
{
    return a + b;
}

int mul(int a, int b)
{
    return a * b;
}

int calculate(int a[], int len, int(*cal)(int, int))
{
    int ret = a[0];
    int i = 0;

    for(i=1; i<len; i++)
    {
        ret = cal(ret, a[i]);
    }

    return ret;
}

int main()
{
    int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    int (*pFunc) (int, int) = NULL;

    pFunc = add;

    printf("%d\n", pFunc(1, 2));//3
    printf("%d\n", (*pFunc)(3, 4));//7

    pFunc = &mul;

    printf("%d\n", pFunc(5, 6));//30
    printf("%d\n", (*pFunc)(7, 8));//56

    printf("1 + ... + 5 = %d\n", calculate(a, 5, add));//15
    printf("1 * ... * 5 = %d\n", calculate(a, 5, mul));//120

    return 0;
}


实验

cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>

int demo(int arr[], int len)  // int demo(int* arr, int len)//数组求和
{
    int ret = 0;
    int i = 0;

    printf("demo: sizeof(arr) = %d\n", sizeof(arr));// 8 退化为指针了

    while( i < len )
    {
        ret += *arr++;

        i++;
    }

    return ret;
}

int main()
{
    int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

    // int v = *a++;

    printf("return value: %d\n", demo(a, 5));//

    return 0;
}

小结

第46课 - 指针与堆空间






实验

cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    char c = 0;
    int i = 0;
    float f = 2.0f;
    double d = 3.0;

    void* p = NULL;

    double* pd = NULL;
    int* pi = NULL;

    /* void* 指针可以保存任意类型的地址 */
    p = &c;
    p = &i;
    p = &f;
    p = &d;

    printf("%p\n", p);

    // void* 类型的指针无法访问内存中的数据
    // printf("%f\n", *p);

    /* void* 类型的变量可以直接合法的赋值给其他具体数据类型的指针变量 */
    pd = p;
    pi = p;

    // void* 是例外,其他指针类型的变量不能相互赋值
    // pd = pi;

    return 0;
}



实验

cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
    int* p = malloc(4); // 从堆空间申请 4 个字节当作 int 类型的变量使用

    if( p != NULL )  // 如果申请失败 p 为 0 ,即:空值
    {
        *p = 100;

        printf("%d\n", *p);//100

        free(p);
    }

    p = malloc(4 * sizeof(int));

    if( p != NULL )
    {
        int i = 0;

        for(i=0; i<4; i++)
        {
            p[i] = i * 10;
        }

        for(i=0; i<4; i++)
        {
            printf("%d\n", p[i]);
        }

        free(p);
    }

    return 0;
}
/*
100
0
10
20
30
*/

小结

第47课 - 指针专题经典问题剖析

cpp 复制代码
 #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
    int a = 0;
    int b = 1;

    int* p = &a;  //p指向a
    int** pp = &p;//pp指向p

    **pp = 2;   // a = 2;

    *pp = &b;   // p = &b;  

    *p = 3;     // b = 3;

    printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);

    return 0;
}



cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
    int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
    int* pa = a;

    int b[2][2] = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}};
    // int** pb = b;  // b 的类型绝对不是 int**  warning: initialization of 'int **' from incompatible pointer type 'int (*)[2]'

    int (*pnb) [2] = b;  // b 的类型是 int(*)[2]

    printf("a = %p, pa = %p\n", a, pa);
    // printf("b = %p, pb = %p\n", b, pb);
    printf("b = %p, pnb = %p\n", b, pnb);

    return 0;
}
/*
a = 000000000061FE00, pa = 000000000061FE00
b = 000000000061FDF0, pnb = 000000000061FDF0
*/


cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int getDouble(double** pp, unsigned n)
{
    int ret = 0;
    double* pd = malloc(sizeof(double) * n);

    if( pd != NULL )
    {
        printf("pd = %p\n", pd);
        *pp = pd;
        ret = 1;
    }

    return ret;
}

int main()
{
    double* p = NULL;

    if( getDouble(&p, 5) )
    {
        printf("p = %p\n", p);

        free(p);
    }

    return 0;
}
/*
pd = 00000000006E5CB0
p = 00000000006E5CB0
*/
cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
    int b[2][2] = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}};
    int (*pnb) [2] = b;  // b 的类型是 int(*)[2]
    *pnb[0] = 10;//*(pnb[0])
    *pnb[1] = 30;

    printf("b[0][0] = %d\n", b[0][0]);
    printf("b[0][1] = %d\n", b[0][1]);//30
    printf("b[1][0] = %d\n", b[1][0]);
    printf("b[1][1] = %d\n", b[1][1]);

    return 0;
}
/*
b[0][0] = 10
b[0][1] = 2
b[1][0] = 30
b[1][1] = 4
*/
cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
    int b[2][2] = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}};
    int (*pnb) [2] = b;  // b 的类型是 int(*)[2]
    *pnb[0] = 10;
int * k=pnb[0] +1;//??  pnb[0] +sizeof(*pnb[0])对了 
 *k= 20;
  //  *pnb[1] = 30;
printf("sizeof(pnb) = %d\n", sizeof(pnb));
printf("sizeof(pnb[0]) = %d\n", sizeof(pnb[0]));
printf("sizeof(*pnb) = %d\n", sizeof(*pnb));
printf("sizeof(*pnb[0]) = %d\n", sizeof(*pnb[0]));
printf("pnb=%p\n",pnb);
printf("pnb[0]=%p\n",pnb[0]);
printf("pnb[0]+1=%p\n",pnb[0]+1);

printf("sizeof(b) = %d\n", sizeof(b));
printf("sizeof(int[2]) = %d\n", sizeof(int[2]));

    printf("b[0][0] = %d\n", b[0][0]);
    printf("b[0][1] = %d\n", b[0][1]);//30
    printf("b[1][0] = %d\n", b[1][0]);
    printf("b[1][1] = %d\n", b[1][1]);

    return 0;
}
/*
sizeof(pnb) = 8
sizeof(pnb[0]) = 8
sizeof(*pnb) = 8
sizeof(*pnb[0]) = 4
pnb=000000000061FE00
pnb[0]=000000000061FE00
pnb[0]+1=000000000061FE04
sizeof(b) = 16
sizeof(int[2]) = 8
b[0][0] = 10
b[0][1] = 20
b[1][0] = 3
b[1][1] = 4
*/
cpp 复制代码
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int* func()
{
    int var = 100;

    return &var;
}

int main()
{
    int* p = func();  // OOPS!!!!
                      // p 指向了不合法的地址,这个地址处没有变量存在
                      // p 是一个野指针,保存不合法地址的指针都是野指针

    printf("*p = %d\n", *p);

    *p = 200;   // 改变 func 函数中局部变量 var 的值,是不是非常奇怪???

    printf("*p = %d\n", *p);

    return 0;
}

小结

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