介绍处理字符和字符串的库函数的使用和注意事项
求字符串长度 strlen
长度不受限制的字符串函数 strcpy strcat strcmp
长度受限制的字符串函数介绍 strncpy strncat strncmp
0. 前言
C语言中对字符和字符串的处理很是频繁,但是C语言本身是没有字符串类型的,字符串通常放在 常量字符串中或者字符数组 中。
字符串常量 适用于那些对它不做修改的字符串函数。
1. 函数介绍
1.1 strlen
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字符串已经 '\0' 作为结束标志,strlen函数返回的是在字符串中 '\0' 前面出现的字符个数(不包含 '\0' )。
参数指向的字符串必须要以 '\0' 结束。
注意函数的返回值为size_t,是无符号的( 易错 )
1.2 strcpy
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Copies the C string pointed by source into the array pointed by destination, including the terminating null character (and stopping at that point)。
源字符串必须以 '\0' 结束。
会将源字符串中的 '\0' 拷贝到目标空间。
目标空间必须足够大,以确保能存放源字符串。
目标空间必须可变。
1.3 strcat
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Appends a copy of the source string to the destination string. The terminating null character in destination is overwritten by the first character of source, and a null-character is included at the end of the new string formed by the concatenation of both in destination.
源字符串必须以 '\0' 结束。
目标空间必须有足够的大,能容纳下源字符串的内容。
目标空间必须可修改。
1.4 strcmp
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This function starts comparing the first character of each string. If they are equal to each other, it continues with the following pairs until the characters differ or until a terminating null-character is reached.
标准规定:
第一个字符串大于第二个字符串,则返回大于0的数字。
第一个字符串等于第二个字符串,则返回0。
第一个字符串小于第二个字符串,则返回小于0的数字。
1.5 strncpy
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Copies the first num characters of source to destination. If the end of the source C string (which is signaled by a null-character) is found before num characters have been copied, destination is padded with zeros until a total of num characters have been written to it.
拷贝num个字符从源字符串到目标空间。
如果源字符串的长度小于num,则拷贝完源字符串之后,在目标的后边追加0,直到num个。
1.6 strncat
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Appends the first num characters of source to destination, plus a terminating null-character. If the length of the C string in source is less than num, only the content up to the terminating null-character is copied.
将源的前num个字符追加到目标,再加上一个终止的null字符。
如果源中的C字符串的长度小于num,则只有终止之前的内容空字符被复制。
1.7 strncmp
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比较到出现另个字符不一样或者一个字符串结束或者num个字符全部比较完。
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2.模拟实现
2.1 strlen
cpp
size_t my_strlen(const char* str)
{
assert(str);
const char* end = str;
while (*++end)
{
;
}
return end - str;
}
2.2 strcpy
cpp
char* my_strcpy(char* dest, const char* src)
{
assert(dest && src);
char* cp = dest;
while (*cp++ = *src++)
{
;
}
return dest;
}
2.3 strcat
cpp
char* my_strcat(char* dest, const char* src)
{
assert(dest && src);
char* cp = dest;
while (*cp)
{
cp++;
}
while (*cp++ = *src++)
{
;
}
return dest;
}
2.4 strcmp
cpp
int my_strcmp(const char* str1, const char* str2)
{
assert(str1 && str2);
while (*str1 == *str2)
{
if (*str1 == '\0')
{
return 0;
}
str1++;
str2++;
}
return *str1 - *str2;
}
2.5 strncpy
cpp
char* my_strncpy(char* dest, const char* src,size_t count)
{
assert(dest && src);
char* start = dest;
while (count && (*dest++ = *src++) != '\0')
{
count--;
}
if (count)
{
*dest = '\0';
}
return start;
}
2.6 strncat
cpp
char* my_strncat(char* front, const char* back, size_t count)
{
assert(front && back);
char* start = front;
while (*front++)
{
;
}
front--;
while (count--)
{
if ((*front++ = *back++) == '\0')
{
return start;
}
}
*front = '\0';
return start;
}
2.7 strncmp
cpp
int my_strncmp(const char* str1, const char* str2, size_t count)
{
assert(str1, str2);
while (count-- && (*str1 == *str2))
{
if (count == 0 || *str1 == '\0')
{
return 0;
}
str1++;
str2++;
}
return *str1 - *str2;
}