高级路由实验
-----路由器静态路由和动态路由的配置
- 实验目的
- 理解路由表
- 掌握静态路由和动态路由的配置
- 理解RIP和OSPF协议的工作过程
路由表是路由器中的一种数据结构，用于存储路由器所知道的网络地址与下一跳路由器的映射关系。它告诉路由器如何将数据包从源主机传输到目标主机。路由表中的每一项包含了目标网络的IP地址、子网掩码、下一跳路由器的IP地址或出接口等信息。当路由器收到一个数据包时，它会查找路由表，根据目标IP地址找到最匹配的路由项，然后转发数据包到下一跳路由器或者出接口。
静态路由和动态路由的配置：
静态路由：静态路由是由网络管理员手动配置的路由信息，不会自动学习或更新。在路由器上配置静态路由时，需要指定目标网络的IP地址、子网掩码以及下一跳路由器的IP地址或者出接口。静态路由的优点是配置简单，适用于小型网络或者对网络流量有较高控制要求的场景。
动态路由：动态路由是由路由器之间通过路由协议交换学习到的路由信息，能够自动适应网络拓扑的变化。常见的动态路由协议包括RIP、OSPF、EIGRP等。在配置动态路由时，需要在路由器上启用相应的路由协议，并且邻居路由器之间会交换路由信息，根据协议规则更新路由表。动态路由的优点是能够自适应网络拓扑变化，减少了管理员的配置工作量，适用于大型复杂网络环境。
RIP和OSPF协议的工作过程：
RIP协议（Routing Information Protocol）：RIP是一种距离矢量路由协议，基于跳数（Hop Count）来衡量路径的优劣。RIP协议工作过程包括路由器之间周期性地交换路由更新信息，每个路由器维护一个路由表，并根据接收到的路由更新信息更新路由表。RIP协议中还包括毒化逆转和触发更新等机制，用于避免环路和快速传播路由变化。
OSPF协议（Open Shortest Path First）：OSPF是一种链路状态路由协议，基于Dijkstra算法来计算最短路径。OSPF协议的工作过程包括路由器之间建立邻居关系、交换链路状态信息、计算最短路径并生成路由表。OSPF协议支持分层区域结构，能够减少路由器之间的路由更新负载，提高网络的可扩展性和稳定性。
- 应用环境
- 在小规模环境里，静态路由是最佳的选择
- 静态路由开销小，但不灵活，使用于相对稳定的网络
- 实验设备
- DCR路由器3台
- CR-V35FC 1条
- CR-V35MT 1条
四、实验拓扑
五、实验要求
配置表
|-----------|-------------|------------|-------------|------|-------------|
| Router-A || Router-B || Router-C ||
| S1/1(DCE) | 192.168.1.1 | S/1/0(DTE) | 192.168.1.2 | F0/0 | 192.168.2.2 |
| F0/0 | 192.168.0.1 | F0/0 | 192.168.2.1 | E1/0 | 192.168.3.1 |
六、实验步骤
（一）静态路由的配置
第一步:参照前面的实验方法,按照上表配置所有接口的IP地址,保证所有接口全部是up状态,测试连通性
第二步:查看ROUTER-A的路由表
Router-A#show ip route
Codes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,B-BGP,BC-BGP connected
D-DEIGRP,DEX-external DEIGRP,O-OSPF,OIA-OSPF inter area
ON1-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1, OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DHCP type
VRF ID:0
C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected,FastEthernet0/0 //直连的路由
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,Serial1/1 //直连的路由
第三步:查看ROUTER-B的路由表
Router-B#show ip route
Codes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,B-BGP,BC-BGP connected
D-DEIGRP,DEX-external DEIGRP,O-OSPF,OIA-OSPF inter area
ON1-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1, OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DHCP type
VRF ID:0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,Serial1/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
第四步:查看ROUTER-C的路由表
Router-C#show ip route
Codes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,B-BGP,BC-BGP connected
D-DEIGRP,DEX-external DEIGRP,O-OSPF,OIA-OSPF inter area
ON1-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1, OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DHCP type
VRF ID:0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,Serial1/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
第五步:在ROUTER-A上PING路由器C
Router-A#ping 192.168.2.2
PING 192.168.2.2(192.168.2.2):56 data bytes
.....
--- 192.168.2.2 ping statistics ---
5 packet transmitted,0 packets received,100% packet loss //不通
第六步:在路由器A上配置静态路由
Router-A#config
Router-A_config#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2//配置目标网段和下一跳
Router-A_config#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
第七步:查看路由表
Router-A#show ip route
Codes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,B-BGP,BC-BGP connected
D-DEIGRP,DEX-external DEIGRP,O-OSPF,OIA-OSPF inter area
ON1-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1, OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DHCP type
VRF ID:0
C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected,FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,Serial1/1
S 192.168.2.0/24 [1.0] via 192.168.1.2 //注意静态路由的管理距离是1
S 192.168.3.0/24 [1.0] via 192.168.1.2
第八步:配置路由器B的静态路由并查看路由表
Router-B#config
Router-B_config#ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
Router-B_config#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.2
Router-B_config#^Z
Router-B#show ip route
Codes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,B-BGP,BC-BGP connected
D-DEIGRP,DEX-external DEIGRP,O-OSPF,OIA-OSPF inter area
ON1-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1, OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DHCP type
VRF ID:0
S 192.168.0.0/24 [1.0] via 192.168.1.1
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,Serial1/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected,FastEthernet0/0
S 192.168.3.0/24 [1.0] via 192.168.2.2
第九步:配置路由器C的静态路由并查看路由表
Router-C#config
Router-C_config#ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.2.1 //采用超网的方法
Router-C_config#^Z
Router-C#show ip route
Codes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,B-BGP,BC-BGP connected
D-DEIGRP,DEX-external DEIGRP,O-OSPF,OIA-OSPF inter area
ON1-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1, OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DHCP type
S 192.168.0.0/16 [1.0] via 192.168.2.1 //注意掩码是16位
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected,FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected,Ethernet1/0
第十步:测试
Router-C#ping 192.168.0.1
PING 192.168.0.1(192.168.0.1):56 data bytes
!!!!!
---192.168.0.1 ping statistics---
5 packets transmitted ,5 packets received ,0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max=30/32/42 m
(二)RIP协议的配置
第一步：配置好所有的接口的IP地址，保证扬有接口全部都是UP状态。
第二步：分别查看router-A、router-B、router-C的路由表。/
第三步：在router-A上PING路由器C
Router-A#ping 192.168.2.2 //不通
第四步：在路由器A上配置RIP协议并查看路由表
Router-A-config#router rip
Router-A-config-rip#network 192.168.0.0
Router-A-config-rip#network 192.168.1.0
Router-A-config-rip#^Z
Router-A#show ip router
Codes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,B-BGP,BC-BGP connected
D-DEIGRP,DEX-external DEIGRP,O-OSPF,OIA-OSPF inter area
ON1-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OEI-OSPF external type 1,OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DHCP type
VRF ID:0
C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,Serial1/1
注意到并没有发现RIP学习到的路由。
第五步：在路由器B上配置RIP协议并查看路由表
Router-B_config#router rip
Router-B_config_rip#network 192.168.1.0
Router-B_config_rip#network 192.168.2.0
Router-B_config_rip#^Z
Router-B#2004-1-1 00:15:58 Configgured from console 0 by DEFAULT
Router-B#show ip route
Codes: C-connected, S-statc, R-RIP, B-BGP, BC-BGP connected
D-DEIGRP, DEX-external DEIGRP,O-OSPF, OIA-OSPF inter area
ONI-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1,OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DHCP type
VRF ID:0
R 192.168.0.0/16 [120,1] via 192.168.1.1(on Seriall/0) //从A学习到的路由
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Seriall/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected,FastEthernet0/0
第六步： 在路由器C上配置RIP协议并查看路由表
Router-C_config#router rip
Router-C_config_rip#network 192.168.2.0
Router-C_config_rip#network 192.168.3.0
Router-C_config_rip#^Z
Router-C#show ip route
Codes: C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,B-BGP
D-DEIGRP, DEX-external DEIGRP, O-OSPF,OIA-OSPF inter area
ONI-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1,OE2-OSPF external type 2
R 193.168.0.0/16 [120,2] via 192.168.2.1 (on FastEthernet0/0)
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120,2] via 192.168.2.1 (on FastEthernet0/0)
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected,FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected,FastEthernet1/0
第七步： 再次查看A和B的路由表
Rourer-B#show ip route
Codes: C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,B-BGP,BC-BGP connected
D-DEIGRP, DEX-external DEIGRP, O-OSPF,OIA-OSPF inter area
ONI-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1,OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DPCH type
VRF ID:0
R 192.168.0.0/16 [120,1] via 192.168.1.1(on Seriall/0)
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Seriall/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected,FastEthernet0/0
R 192.168.3.0/24 [120,1] via 192.168.2.2(on FastEthernet0/0)
Rourer-A#show ip route
Codes: C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,B-BGP,BC-BGP connected
D-DEIGRP, DEX-external DEIGRP, O-OSPF,OIA-OSPF inter area
ONI-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1,OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DPCH type
VPF ID:0
C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected,FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Seriall/1
R 192.168.2.0/24 [120,1] via 192.168.1.1(on Seriall/1)
R 192.168.3.0/24 [120,1] via 192.168.1.1(on Seriall/1)
//注意到所有网段都学习到了路由
第八步：相关的查看命令
Rourer-A#show ip route
RIP protocol: Enabled
Global version: default(Decided on the interface version control)
Update:30, Expire:180,Holddown:120
Input-queue:50
Validate-update-source enable
No neightbor
Rourer-A#show ip route
RIP is Active
Sending update every 30 seconds,next due in 30 seconds //注意定时器的值
Invailid after 180 seconds,holddown 120
Update filter list for all interface is:
Update offser list for all interface is:
Redistributing:
Default version control: sent version 1,receive version 1 2
Interface Send Recv
FasrEthernet0/0 1 1 2
Serial1/1 1 1 2
Automatic network summarization is in effect
Router for Nerwork :
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.0.1/16
Distance: 120(default is 120)
Maximum route count :1024 Router count:6
Rourer-A#show ip route
193.168.0.0/24 directly FastEthernet0/0
192.168.0.0/24 auto-summary
192.168.1.0/24 directly connected Serial1/1
192.168.1.0/24 auto-summary
192.168.2.0/24 [120,1] via 192.168.1.2(on Seriall/1) 00:00:13 //收到RIP广播的时间
192.168.3.0/24 [120,1] via 192.168.1.1(on Seriall/1) 00：00：13
Rourer-A#show ip route rip
R 192.168.2.0/24 [120,1] via 192.168.1.2(on Seriall/1)
R 192.168.3.0/24 [120,1] via 192.168.1.2(on Seriall/1)
(三)OSPF协议的配置
实验拓扑
实验要求
ROUTER-A ROUTER-B
S1/1 192.168.1.1/24 S1/0 192.168.1.2/24
Loopback() 10.10.10.1/24 Loopback() 10.10.11.1/24
第一步：路由器环路接口的配置(其他接口配置请参见相关实验)
路由器 A:
Router-A_config# interface Loopback()
Router-A_10# ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.0
路由器B:
Router-B #config
Router-B_config# interface Loopback()
Router-B_10# ip address 10.10.11.1 255.255.255.0
第二步：验证接口配置
Router-B# sh interface Loopback()
Loopback() is up,line protocol is up
Hardware is Loopback
Interface address is 10.10.11.1/24
MUT 1514 bytes,BW 8000000 kbit,DLY 500 usec
Encapsulation LOOPBACK
第三步：路由器的OSPF配置
A的配置：
Router-A_config#router ospf 2 //启动OSPF进程，进程号为2
Router-A_config_ospf_1#network 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0 area 0//注意要写掩码和区域码
Router-A_config_ospf_1#network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 area 0
B的配置：
Router-B_config#router ospf 1
Router-B_config_ospf_1#network 10.10.11.0 255.255.255.0 area 0
Router-B_config_ospf_1#network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 area 0
第四步：查看路由表
路由器A：
Router-A#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R -- RIP, B - BGP, BC - BGP connected
D - DEIGRP, DEX - external DEIGRP, O -- OSPF, OIA - OSPF inter area
ON1-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1,OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DHCP type
VRF ID:0
C 10.10.10.0/24 is directly connected,Loopback0
O 10.10.11.1/32 [110,1600] via 192.168.1.2(on Serial 1/1)
//注意到环回接口产生的是主机路由
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial 1/1
路由器B:
Router-B#show ip route
Codes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,B-BGP,BC-BGP connected
D-DEIGRP,DEX-external DEIGRP,O-OSPF,OIA-OSPF inter area
ON1-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1,OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DHCP type
VRF ID:0
O 10.10.11.1/32 [110,1600] via 192.168.1.1(on Serial 1/0)//注意管理距离为110
C 10.10.10.0/24 is directly connected,Loopback0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial 1/0
第五步: 其他验证命令
Router-B#sh ip ospf 1 //显示该OSPF进程的信息
OSPF process:1,Router ID:192.168.2.1
Distance:intra-area 110,inter-area 110,external 150
SPF schedule delay 5 secs,Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
SPFTY:11(1),TOs:24,SCHDs:27
ALL Rtrs support Demand-Circuit
Number of areas is 1
AREA:0
Number of interface in this area is 2(UP:3)
Area authentication type: None
All Rtrs in this area support Demand-Circuit
Router-A#show ip ospf interace //显示OSPF接口状态和类型
Serial 1/1 is up,line protocol is up
Internet Address:192.168.1.1/24
Nettye:Point-to- Point
OSPF process is 2,AREA:0,Router ID:192,168.1.1
Cost:1600,Transmit Delay is 1 sec,Priority 1
Hello interval is 10,Dead timer is 40,Reransmit is 5
OSPF INTF State is IPOINT-TO-POINT
Neighbor Count is 1,Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.1.1
Loopback0 is up,line protocol is up
Internet Address:10.10.10.1/24
Nettype:Broadcast //环回接口的网络类型默认为广播
OSPF process is 2, AREA:0,Router ID:192.168.1.1
Cost: 1,Transmit Delay is 1 sec,Priority 1
Hello interval is 10,Dead timer is 40,Retransmit is 5
OSPF INTF State is ILOOPBACK
Neighbor Count is 0,Adjacent neighbor count is 0
Router-A#sh ip ospf neighbor //显示OSPF邻居
OSPF process:2
AREA:0
Neighbor ID Pri State DeadTime Neighbor Addr Interface
192.168.2.1 1 FULL/- 31 162.168.1.2 Serial 1/1
第六步：修改环回接口的网络类型
Router-A#conf
Router-A_config#interfance lookbanck 0
Router-A_config_10#ip ospf network point-to-point //将类型改为点到点
第七步：查看接口状态和路由器B的路由表
Router-A#sh ip ospf interface
Serial 1/1 is up,line protocol is up
Internet Address:192.168.1.1
Nettype:Point-to-Point
OSPF process is 2, AREA:0,Router ID:192.168.1.1
Cost:1600,Transmit Delay is 1 sec,Priority 1
Hello interval is 10,Dead timer is 40,Retransmit is 5
OSPF INTF State is IPOINT_TO_POINT
Neighbor Count is 1,Adjacent neghbor count is 1
Adjacent with neghbor 192.168.1.2
Loopback0 is up,line protocol is up
Internet Address:10.10.10.1/24
Nettype:Point-to-Point
OSPF process is 2, AREA:0,Router ID:192.168.1.1
Cost:1,Transmit Delay is 1 sec,Priority 1
Hello interval is 10,Dead timer is 40,Retransmit is 5
OSPF INTF State is IPOINT_TO_POINT
Neighbor Count is 0,Adjacent neghbor count is 0
Router-B#sh ip route
Codes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,B-BGP,BC-BGP connected
D-DEIGRP,DEX-external DEIGRP,O-OSPF,OIA-OSPF inter area
ON1-OSPF NSSA external type 1,ON2-OSPF NSSA external type 2
OE1-OSPF external type 1,OE2-OSPF external type 2
DHCP-DHCP type
VRF ID:0
O 10.10.11.1/32 [110,1600] via 192.168.1.1(on Serial 1/0)//注意管理距离为110
C 10.10.10.0/24 is directly connected,Loopback0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial 1/0