RabbitMQ 知识详解（Java版）

yuren_xia2025-06-16 0:32

RabbitMQ 知识详解（Java版）

RabbitMQ 是一个开源的消息代理，实现了高级消息队列协议（AMQP）。它用于在分布式系统中实现应用解耦、异步通信和流量削峰。

核心概念
  1. 生产者(Producer)：发送消息的应用
  2. 消费者(Consumer)：接收消息的应用
  3. 队列(Queue)：消息存储的缓冲区
  4. 交换机(Exchange)：接收消息并路由到队列
  5. 绑定(Binding)：连接交换机和队列的规则
  6. 路由键(Routing Key)：消息的路由标识
交换机类型
类型 路由规则 典型用途
Direct 精确匹配Routing Key 点对点通信
Topic 模式匹配（支持通配符） 多条件路由
Fanout 广播到所有绑定队列 发布/订阅
Headers 消息头键值对匹配 复杂路由

Java 示例（使用官方客户端）

依赖：

xml 复制代码 
<dependency>
    <groupId>com.rabbitmq</groupId>
    <artifactId>amqp-client</artifactId>
    <version>5.9.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
    <artifactId>slf4j-nop</artifactId>
    <version>1.7.30</version>
</dependency>

1. 直连交换机(Direct Exchange)

java 复制代码 
// Producer
public class DirectExchangeProducer {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "direct_exchange";
    
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
             Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
            
            channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "direct");
            
            // 绑定不同路由键
            String routingKey1 = "red";
            String message1 = "重要消息";
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, routingKey1, null, message1.getBytes());
            System.out.println("发送消息: " + message1);
            
            String routingKey2 = "blue";
            String message2 = "普通消息";
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, routingKey2, null, message2.getBytes());
            System.out.println("发送消息: " + message2);
        }
    }
}

// Consumer (红色队列)
public class DirectConsumerRed {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "direct_exchange";
    private static final String QUEUE_NAME = "red_queue";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "direct");
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "red");
        
        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println("红色队列收到消息: " + message);
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {});
    }
}

2. 扇出交换机(Fanout Exchange)

java 复制代码 
// Producer
public class FanoutExchangeProducer {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "fanout_exchange";
    
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
             Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
            
            channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
            
            String message = "广播消息";
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "", null, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println("广播消息已发送");
        }
    }
}

// Consumer (邮件队列)
public class FanoutConsumerEmail {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "fanout_exchange";
    private static final String QUEUE_NAME = "email_queue";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");
        
        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println("邮件服务收到: " + message);
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {});
    }
}

3. 主题交换机(Topic Exchange)

java 复制代码 
// Producer
public class TopicExchangeProducer {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "topic_exchange";
    
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
             Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
            
            channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "topic");
            
            // 发送不同主题的消息
            String routingKey = "order.create";
            String message = "订单创建通知";
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, routingKey, null, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println("发送订单创建消息");
            
            routingKey = "user.login";
            message = "用户登录通知";
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, routingKey, null, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println("发送用户登录消息");
        }
    }
}

// Consumer (订单服务)
public class TopicConsumerOrder {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "topic_exchange";
    private static final String QUEUE_NAME = "order_queue";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "topic");
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "order.*");
        
        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println("订单服务收到: " + message);
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {});
    }
}

4. 头交换机(Headers Exchange)

java 复制代码 
// Producer
public class HeadersExchangeProducer {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "headers_exchange";
    
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
             Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
            
            channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "headers");
            
            // 设置消息头
            Map<String, Object> headers = new HashMap<>();
            headers.put("type", "log");
            headers.put("level", "error");
            
            AMQP.BasicProperties props = new AMQP.BasicProperties.Builder()
                    .headers(headers)
                    .build();
            
            String message = "系统错误日志";
            channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "", props, message.getBytes());
            System.out.println("发送错误日志消息");
        }
    }
}

// Consumer (日志服务)
public class HeadersConsumerLog {
    private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "headers_exchange";
    private static final String QUEUE_NAME = "log_queue";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "headers");
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        
        // 设置匹配规则 (必须包含type=log且level=error)
        Map<String, Object> bindingArgs = new HashMap<>();
        bindingArgs.put("x-match", "all"); // 全部匹配
        bindingArgs.put("type", "log");
        bindingArgs.put("level", "error");
        
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "", bindingArgs);
        
        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println("日志服务收到: " + message);
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {});
    }
}

通用配置说明

  1. 交换机类型总结:

    • 直连交换机：路由键精确匹配
    • 扇出交换机：忽略路由键，广播所有绑定队列
    • 主题交换机：使用通配符匹配路由键
    • 头交换机：通过消息头属性匹配（非路由键）

  2. 重要参数:

    • channel.queueDeclare() 参数说明：
      • durable: 是否持久化
      • exclusive: 是否排他
      • autoDelete: 是否自动删除
    • x-match参数在头交换机中有两种模式：
      • "all": 需匹配所有指定头
      • "any": 匹配任意指定头

关键特性（Java实现）

1. 消息持久化
java 复制代码 
// 声明持久化队列
boolean durable = true;
channel.queueDeclare("task_queue", durable, false, false, null);

// 发送持久化消息
channel.basicPublish("", "task_queue", 
        MessageProperties.PERSISTENT_TEXT_PLAIN,
        message.getBytes());
2. 公平分发（Prefetch）
java 复制代码 
// 每次只分发一条消息
int prefetchCount = 1;
channel.basicQos(prefetchCount);
3. 消息确认（ACK）
java 复制代码 
// 消费者关闭自动ACK
boolean autoAck = false;
channel.basicConsume(queueName, autoAck, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {});

// 处理完成后手动ACK
channel.basicAck(delivery.getEnvelope().getDeliveryTag(), false);
4. 持久化消费者
java 复制代码 
// 重启后自动恢复的消费者
Map<String, Object> args = new HashMap<>();
args.put("x-queue-type", "quorum");
channel.queueDeclare("persistent_queue", true, false, false, args);

使用场景

  1. 服务解耦：订单系统与库存系统分离
  2. 异步处理：耗时操作（如邮件发送）
  3. 流量削峰：突发请求缓冲（秒杀系统）
  4. 分布式事务：最终一致性实现
  5. 日志收集：多系统日志聚合

最佳实践

  1. 连接管理：使用连接池（如Spring AMQP的CachingConnectionFactory）
  2. 异常处理：实现Consumer和Connection的监听器
  3. 死信队列：处理失败消息
  4. 集群部署：保证高可用性
  5. 监控管理：使用RabbitMQ Management Plugin

提示：生产环境推荐使用Spring AMQP简化开发，它提供了RabbitTemplate和@RabbitListener等便捷工具。

建议运行测试时：

  1. 先启动所有消费者
  2. 再运行生产者发送消息
  3. 观察各消费者接收到的消息是否符合路由规则

以上示例展示了RabbitMQ的核心路由机制，在实际生产环境中需添加异常处理、连接恢复、消息确认等机制。

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