Pygame 开发游戏详细流程
一、Pygame 核心架构
游戏主循环
├── 事件处理 (Event Handling)
├── 游戏逻辑更新 (Game Logic)
├── 渲染绘制 (Rendering)
└── 帧率控制 (FPS Control)二、完整开发流程详解
1. 基础框架搭建
python
import pygame
import sys
class Game:
def __init__(self):
"""初始化游戏"""
pygame.init()
# 1. 创建游戏窗口
self.screen_width = 800
self.screen_height = 600
self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode(
(self.screen_width, self.screen_height)
)
pygame.display.set_caption("我的游戏")
# 2. 初始化游戏时钟（控制帧率）
self.clock = pygame.time.Clock()
self.FPS = 60
# 3. 游戏状态
self.running = True
self.game_over = False
# 4. 颜色定义（RGB）
self.BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
self.WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
self.RED = (255, 0, 0)
self.GREEN = (0, 255, 0)
self.BLUE = (0, 0, 255)
# 5. 初始化游戏资源
self.load_resources()
def load_resources(self):
"""加载游戏资源"""
# 字体
self.font_small = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 36)
self.font_large = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 72)
# 加载图片
try:
self.player_image = pygame.image.load("player.png").convert_alpha()
except:
# 如果图片不存在，创建一个矩形代替
self.player_image = pygame.Surface((50, 50))
self.player_image.fill(self.BLUE)
# 加载音效
try:
self.jump_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound("jump.wav")
except:
self.jump_sound = None
# 背景音乐
pygame.mixer.music.load("bgm.mp3")
pygame.mixer.music.play(-1) # -1表示循环播放2. 主游戏循环
python
def run(self):
"""主游戏循环"""
while self.running:
# 1. 处理事件
self.handle_events()
# 2. 更新游戏状态（只有游戏没结束时才更新）
if not self.game_over:
self.update()
# 3. 绘制画面
self.render()
# 4. 控制帧率
self.clock.tick(self.FPS)
# 游戏结束，退出
self.quit()
def handle_events(self):
"""事件处理"""
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
self.running = False
# 键盘按下事件
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
self.on_key_down(event.key)
# 键盘释放事件
elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
self.on_key_up(event.key)
# 鼠标事件
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
self.on_mouse_click(event.pos, event.button)3. 精灵系统（Sprite System）
python
class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
"""玩家角色类"""
def __init__(self, x, y):
super().__init__()
# 创建图像和矩形
self.image = pygame.Surface((50, 50))
self.image.fill((0, 0, 255))
# 加载动画帧
self.frames = []
self.load_animation_frames()
self.current_frame = 0
self.animation_speed = 0.2
self.animation_timer = 0
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
self.rect.center = (x, y)
# 物理属性
self.velocity = pygame.Vector2(0, 0)
self.speed = 5
self.jump_power = -15
self.gravity = 0.8
self.on_ground = False
# 游戏属性
self.health = 100
self.score = 0
def load_animation_frames(self):
"""加载动画帧"""
for i in range(4):
frame = pygame.Surface((50, 50))
frame.fill((0, 0, 200 + i * 15))
self.frames.append(frame)
def update(self, platforms):
"""更新玩家状态"""
# 处理用户输入
keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()
# 水平移动
self.velocity.x = 0
if keys[pygame.K_LEFT]:
self.velocity.x = -self.speed
if keys[pygame.K_RIGHT]:
self.velocity.x = self.speed
# 跳跃
if keys[pygame.K_SPACE] and self.on_ground:
self.velocity.y = self.jump_power
self.on_ground = False
# 应用重力
self.velocity.y += self.gravity
# 水平移动
self.rect.x += self.velocity.x
# 水平碰撞检测
self.check_horizontal_collision(platforms)
# 垂直移动
self.rect.y += self.velocity.y
# 垂直碰撞检测
self.check_vertical_collision(platforms)
# 更新动画
self.update_animation()
# 边界检查
self.check_bounds()
def check_horizontal_collision(self, platforms):
for platform in platforms:
if self.rect.colliderect(platform):
if self.velocity.x > 0: # 向右移动
self.rect.right = platform.left
elif self.velocity.x < 0: # 向左移动
self.rect.left = platform.right
def check_vertical_collision(self, platforms):
self.on_ground = False
for platform in platforms:
if self.rect.colliderect(platform):
if self.velocity.y > 0: # 向下移动
self.rect.bottom = platform.top
self.velocity.y = 0
self.on_ground = True
elif self.velocity.y < 0: # 向上移动
self.rect.top = platform.bottom
self.velocity.y = 0
def update_animation(self):
"""更新动画帧"""
self.animation_timer += self.animation_speed
if self.animation_timer >= 1:
self.current_frame = (self.current_frame + 1) % len(self.frames)
self.image = self.frames[self.current_frame]
self.animation_timer = 0
def check_bounds(self):
"""检查边界"""
if self.rect.top > 600: # 掉落屏幕
self.health = 04. 游戏场景管理
python
class GameScene:
"""游戏场景基类"""
def __init__(self, game):
self.game = game
def handle_events(self):
pass
def update(self):
pass
def render(self):
pass
class MainMenuScene(GameScene):
"""主菜单场景"""
def __init__(self, game):
super().__init__(game)
self.buttons = []
self.create_buttons()
def create_buttons(self):
"""创建菜单按钮"""
button_width, button_height = 200, 50
# 开始游戏按钮
start_rect = pygame.Rect(
self.game.screen_width // 2 - button_width // 2,
200,
button_width,
button_height
)
self.buttons.append({
'rect': start_rect,
'text': '开始游戏',
'action': self.start_game
})
# 退出游戏按钮
quit_rect = pygame.Rect(
self.game.screen_width // 2 - button_width // 2,
280,
button_width,
button_height
)
self.buttons.append({
'rect': quit_rect,
'text': '退出游戏',
'action': self.quit_game
})
def handle_events(self):
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
self.game.running = False
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
if event.button == 1: # 左键
self.check_button_click(event.pos)
def check_button_click(self, pos):
"""检查按钮点击"""
for button in self.buttons:
if button['rect'].collidepoint(pos):
button['action']()
def start_game(self):
"""切换到游戏场景"""
self.game.current_scene = GamePlayScene(self.game)
def quit_game(self):
self.game.running = False
def render(self):
# 绘制背景
self.game.screen.fill((30, 30, 70))
# 绘制标题
title_font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 72)
title_text = title_font.render("我的游戏", True, (255, 255, 255))
title_rect = title_text.get_rect(center=(self.game.screen_width//2, 100))
self.game.screen.blit(title_text, title_rect)
# 绘制按钮
for button in self.buttons:
# 绘制按钮背景
pygame.draw.rect(self.game.screen, (50, 150, 200), button['rect'])
pygame.draw.rect(self.game.screen, (255, 255, 255), button['rect'], 3)
# 绘制按钮文字
button_font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 36)
button_text = button_font.render(button['text'], True, (255, 255, 255))
text_rect = button_text.get_rect(center=button['rect'].center)
self.game.screen.blit(button_text, text_rect)5. 完整游戏示例：平台跳跃游戏
python
import pygame
import sys
import random
class PlatformGame:
def __init__(self):
pygame.init()
# 屏幕设置
self.WIDTH = 800
self.HEIGHT = 600
self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((self.WIDTH, self.HEIGHT))
pygame.display.set_caption("平台跳跃")
# 颜色
self.SKY_BLUE = (135, 206, 235)
self.GROUND_COLOR = (101, 67, 33)
self.PLATFORM_COLOR = (0, 200, 100)
# 游戏状态
self.clock = pygame.time.Clock()
self.FPS = 60
self.running = True
self.score = 0
self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 36)
# 游戏对象
self.player = pygame.Rect(100, 300, 30, 30)
self.player_vel_y = 0
self.gravity = 0.8
self.jump_strength = -15
self.on_ground = False
# 平台
self.platforms = [
pygame.Rect(0, 500, 800, 100), # 地面
pygame.Rect(200, 400, 200, 20),
pygame.Rect(450, 350, 150, 20),
pygame.Rect(300, 250, 200, 20),
pygame.Rect(100, 200, 150, 20),
pygame.Rect(550, 150, 200, 20),
]
# 金币
self.coins = []
self.generate_coins()
# 敌人
self.enemies = []
self.spawn_timer = 0
self.spawn_interval = 2000 # 毫秒
def generate_coins(self):
"""生成金币"""
for platform in self.platforms[1:]: # 除了地面
x = random.randint(platform.left + 10, platform.right - 20)
y = platform.top - 30
self.coins.append(pygame.Rect(x, y, 15, 15))
def handle_events(self):
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
self.running = False
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_SPACE and self.on_ground:
self.player_vel_y = self.jump_strength
self.on_ground = False
elif event.key == pygame.K_r: # 重新开始
self.__init__()
def update(self):
# 键盘输入
keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()
# 水平移动
player_speed = 5
if keys[pygame.K_LEFT]:
self.player.x -= player_speed
if keys[pygame.K_RIGHT]:
self.player.x += player_speed
# 应用重力
self.player_vel_y += self.gravity
self.player.y += self.player_vel_y
# 边界检查
if self.player.left < 0:
self.player.left = 0
if self.player.right > self.WIDTH:
self.player.right = self.WIDTH
# 平台碰撞检测
self.on_ground = False
for platform in self.platforms:
if self.player.colliderect(platform):
if self.player_vel_y > 0: # 下落
self.player.bottom = platform.top
self.player_vel_y = 0
self.on_ground = True
elif self.player_vel_y < 0: # 上升
self.player.top = platform.bottom
self.player_vel_y = 0
# 金币收集
for coin in self.coins[:]:
if self.player.colliderect(coin):
self.coins.remove(coin)
self.score += 10
# 生成敌人
current_time = pygame.time.get_ticks()
if current_time - self.spawn_timer > self.spawn_interval:
self.enemies.append(pygame.Rect(
random.randint(0, self.WIDTH - 30),
-30,
30, 30
))
self.spawn_timer = current_time
# 更新敌人
for enemy in self.enemies[:]:
enemy.y += 3
if enemy.top > self.HEIGHT:
self.enemies.remove(enemy)
# 玩家与敌人碰撞
if self.player.colliderect(enemy):
self.game_over()
def game_over(self):
"""游戏结束"""
game_over_font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 72)
game_over_text = game_over_font.render("游戏结束!", True, (255, 0, 0))
score_text = self.font.render(f"最终得分: {self.score}", True, (255, 255, 255))
restart_text = self.font.render("按 R 重新开始", True, (255, 255, 255))
# 绘制半透明背景
overlay = pygame.Surface((self.WIDTH, self.HEIGHT), pygame.SRCALPHA)
overlay.fill((0, 0, 0, 180))
self.screen.blit(overlay, (0, 0))
# 绘制文字
self.screen.blit(game_over_text,
(self.WIDTH//2 - game_over_text.get_width()//2,
self.HEIGHT//2 - 100))
self.screen.blit(score_text,
(self.WIDTH//2 - score_text.get_width()//2,
self.HEIGHT//2))
self.screen.blit(restart_text,
(self.WIDTH//2 - restart_text.get_width()//2,
self.HEIGHT//2 + 50))
pygame.display.flip()
# 等待玩家按键
waiting = True
while waiting:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
self.running = False
waiting = False
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_r:
self.__init__()
waiting = False
def render(self):
# 绘制背景
self.screen.fill(self.SKY_BLUE)
# 绘制平台
for platform in self.platforms:
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.PLATFORM_COLOR, platform)
# 绘制地面
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.GROUND_COLOR, self.platforms[0])
# 绘制金币
for coin in self.coins:
pygame.draw.circle(self.screen, (255, 215, 0), coin.center, coin.width//2)
# 绘制敌人
for enemy in self.enemies:
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, (255, 0, 0), enemy)
# 绘制玩家
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, (0, 0, 255), self.player)
# 绘制分数
score_text = self.font.render(f"分数: {self.score}", True, (255, 255, 255))
self.screen.blit(score_text, (10, 10))
pygame.display.flip()
def run(self):
while self.running:
self.handle_events()
self.update()
self.render()
self.clock.tick(self.FPS)
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()
if __name__ == "__main__":
game = PlatformGame()
game.run()三、最佳实践和优化技巧
1. 性能优化
python
# 1. 使用双缓冲
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height), pygame.DOUBLEBUF)
# 2. 图像转换优化
image = pygame.image.load("image.png").convert() # 普通转换
image = pygame.image.load("image.png").convert_alpha() # 带透明度转换
# 3. 脏矩形更新（只更新变化的部分）
dirty_rects = []
dirty_rects.append(player.rect)
pygame.display.update(dirty_rects)
# 4. 对象池（减少对象创建销毁）
class ObjectPool:
def __init__(self, create_func, max_size=100):
self.pool = []
self.create_func = create_func
self.max_size = max_size
def get(self):
if self.pool:
return self.pool.pop()
return self.create_func()
def recycle(self, obj):
if len(self.pool) < self.max_size:
self.pool.append(obj)2. 状态机管理
python
class StateMachine:
def __init__(self):
self.states = {}
self.current_state = None
def add_state(self, name, state):
self.states[name] = state
def change_state(self, name):
if self.current_state:
self.current_state.exit()
self.current_state = self.states[name]
self.current_state.enter()
def update(self):
if self.current_state:
self.current_state.update()
def render(self):
if self.current_state:
self.current_state.render()
class GameState:
def enter(self):
pass
def exit(self):
pass
def update(self):
pass
def render(self):
pass3. 粒子系统
python
class Particle:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.vx = random.uniform(-2, 2)
self.vy = random.uniform(-5, -2)
self.lifetime = 60
self.color = random.choice([(255, 255, 0), (255, 165, 0)])
def update(self):
self.x += self.vx
self.y += self.vy
self.vy += 0.1
self.lifetime -= 1
def draw(self, screen):
radius = max(1, self.lifetime // 15)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, self.color, (int(self.x), int(self.y)), radius)四、调试技巧
- 显示帧率
python
fps_text = font.render(f"FPS: {int(clock.get_fps())}", True, WHITE)- 显示调试信息
python
def draw_debug_info():
debug_info = [
f"玩家位置: ({player.rect.x}, {player.rect.y})",
f"速度: ({player.velocity.x:.1f}, {player.velocity.y:.1f})",
f"金币数量: {len(coins)}",
f"敌人数量: {len(enemies)}"
]
for i, info in enumerate(debug_info):
text = font.render(info, True, WHITE)
screen.blit(text, (10, 30 + i * 25))- 碰撞框显示
python
pygame.draw.rect(screen, (255, 0, 0), object.rect, 2) # 红色边框五、项目结构建议
my_game/
├── main.py # 游戏主入口
├── game.py # 游戏主类
├── player.py # 玩家类
├── enemy.py # 敌人类
├── platform.py # 平台类
├── powerup.py # 道具类
├── scene/
│ ├── menu_scene.py # 菜单场景
│ ├── game_scene.py # 游戏场景
│ └── game_over_scene.py
├── assets/
│ ├── images/
│ ├── sounds/
│ └── fonts/
├── config.py # 配置文件
└── utils.py # 工具函数按照这个流程，你可以从简单到复杂逐步开发完整的Pygame游戏。记住：先实现核心玩法，再添加特效和优化！