文章目录
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- [1 分块矩阵的定义](#1 分块矩阵的定义)
- [2 分块矩阵的运算(性质)](#2 分块矩阵的运算(性质))
- [3 按列分块与按行分块](#3 按列分块与按行分块)
- 结语
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1 分块矩阵的定义
将矩阵A用若干条纵线和横线分成许多个小矩阵,每一个小矩阵称为A的子快,以子块为元素的形式上的矩阵称为分块矩阵。
2 分块矩阵的运算(性质)
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设矩阵A与B的行数相同,列数相同,采用相同的分块法,有
A = ( A 11 ⋯ A 1 r ⋮ ⋮ A s 1 ⋯ A s r ) , B = ( B 11 ⋯ B 1 r ⋮ ⋮ B s 1 ⋯ B s r ) A=\begin{pmatrix} A_{11}&\cdots&A_{1r}\\ \vdots&&\vdots\\ A_{s1}&\cdots&A_{sr} \end{pmatrix} ,B=\begin{pmatrix} B_{11}&\cdots&B_{1r}\\ \vdots&&\vdots\\ B_{s1}&\cdots&B_{sr} \end{pmatrix}\\ A= A11⋮As1⋯⋯A1r⋮Asr ,B= B11⋮Bs1⋯⋯B1r⋮Bsr其中 A i j 与 B i j A_{ij}与B_{ij} Aij与Bij行数相同,列数相同,那么
A + B = ( A 11 + B 11 ⋯ A 1 r + B 1 r ⋮ ⋮ A s 1 + B s 1 ⋯ A s r + B s r ) A+B=\begin{pmatrix} A_{11}+B_{11}&\cdots&A_{1r}+B_{1r}\\ \vdots&&\vdots\\ A_{s1}+B_{s1}&\cdots&A_{sr}+B_{sr} \end{pmatrix} A+B= A11+B11⋮As1+Bs1⋯⋯A1r+B1r⋮Asr+Bsr -
设
A = ( A 11 ⋯ A 1 r ⋮ ⋮ A s 1 ⋯ A s r ) , λ 为数,那么 A=\begin{pmatrix} A_{11}&\cdots&A_{1r}\\ \vdots&&\vdots\\ A_{s1}&\cdots&A_{sr} \end{pmatrix} ,\lambda为数,那么 A= A11⋮As1⋯⋯A1r⋮Asr ,λ为数,那么λ A = ( λ A 11 ⋯ λ A 1 r ⋮ ⋮ λ A s 1 ⋯ λ A s r ) \lambda A=\begin{pmatrix} \lambda A_{11}&\cdots&\lambda A_{1r}\\ \vdots&&\vdots\\ \lambda A_{s1}&\cdots&\lambda A_{sr} \end{pmatrix} λA= λA11⋮λAs1⋯⋯λA1r⋮λAsr
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设A位 m × l m\times l m×l矩阵,B位 l × n l\times n l×n矩阵,分块成
A = ( A 11 ⋯ A 1 t ⋮ ⋮ A s 1 ⋯ A s t ) , B = ( A 11 ⋯ A 1 r ⋮ ⋮ A t 1 ⋯ A t r ) A=\begin{pmatrix} A_{11}&\cdots&A_{1t}\\ \vdots&&\vdots\\ A_{s1}&\cdots&A_{st} \end{pmatrix} ,B=\begin{pmatrix} A_{11}&\cdots&A_{1r}\\ \vdots&&\vdots\\ A_{t1}&\cdots&A_{tr} \end{pmatrix} A= A11⋮As1⋯⋯A1t⋮Ast ,B= A11⋮At1⋯⋯A1r⋮Atr其中 A i 1 , A i 2 , ⋯ , A i t A_{i1},A_{i2},\cdots,A_{it} Ai1,Ai2,⋯,Ait的列数分别等于 B 1 j , B 2 j , ⋯ , B t j B_{1j},B_{2j},\cdots,B_{tj} B1j,B2j,⋯,Btj的行数,那么
A B = ( C 11 ⋯ C 1 r ⋮ ⋮ C s 1 ⋯ C s r ) AB=\begin{pmatrix} C_{11}&\cdots&C_{1r}\\ \vdots&&\vdots\\ C_{s1}&\cdots&C_{sr} \end{pmatrix} AB= C11⋮Cs1⋯⋯C1r⋮Csr其中
C i j = ∑ k = 1 t A i k B k j ( i = 1 , ⋯ , s ; j = 1 , ⋯ , r ) C_{ij}=\sum_{k=1}^tA_{ik}B_{kj}(i=1,\cdots,s;j=1,\cdots,r) Cij=k=1∑tAikBkj(i=1,⋯,s;j=1,⋯,r) -
设
A = ( A 11 ⋯ A 1 r ⋮ ⋮ A s 1 ⋯ A s r ) ,则 A T = ( A 11 T ⋯ A s 1 T ⋮ ⋮ A 1 r T ⋯ A s r T ) A=\begin{pmatrix} A_{11}&\cdots&A_{1r}\\ \vdots&&\vdots\\ A_{s1}&\cdots&A_{sr} \end{pmatrix} ,则A^T=\begin{pmatrix} A_{11}^T&\cdots&A_{s1}^T\\ \vdots&&\vdots\\ A_{1r}^T&\cdots&A_{sr}^T \end{pmatrix} A= A11⋮As1⋯⋯A1r⋮Asr ,则AT= A11T⋮A1rT⋯⋯As1T⋮AsrT -
设A为n阶方阵,若A的分块矩阵只有在对角线上有非零子块,其余子块都为零矩阵,且在对角线上的子块都是方阵,即
A = ( A 1 O A 2 ⋱ O A s ) A=\begin{pmatrix} A_{1}&&&O\\ &A_2&&\\ &&\ddots&\\ O&&&A_s \end{pmatrix} A= A1OA2⋱OAs其中 A i ( i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , s ) A_i(i=1,2,\cdots,s) Ai(i=1,2,⋯,s)都方阵,那么称A为分块对角矩阵。
分块对角矩阵的行列式有以下性质
∣ A ∣ = ∣ A 1 ∣ ∣ A 2 ∣ ⋯ ∣ A s ∣ |A|=|A_1||A_2|\cdots |A_s| ∣A∣=∣A1∣∣A2∣⋯∣As∣由此性质可知,若 ∣ A i ∣ ≠ 0 ( i = i , 2 , ⋯ , s ) |A_i|\not=0(i=i,2,\cdots,s) ∣Ai∣=0(i=i,2,⋯,s),则 ∣ A ∣ ≠ 0 |A|\not=0 ∣A∣=0,并有
A − 1 = ( A 1 − 1 O A 2 − 1 ⋱ O A s − 1 ) A^{-1}=\begin{pmatrix} A_{1}^{-1}&&&O\\ &A_2^{-1}&&\\ &&\ddots&\\ O&&&A_s^{-1} \end{pmatrix} A−1= A1−1OA2−1⋱OAs−1例18 设
A = ( 5 0 0 0 3 1 0 2 1 ) ,求 A − 1 A=\begin{pmatrix} 5&0&0\\ 0&3&1\\ 0&2&1 \end{pmatrix} ,求A^{-1} A= 500032011 ,求A−1KaTeX parse error: Undefined control sequence: \vline at position 24: ...gin{pmatrix} 5&\̲v̲l̲i̲n̲e̲0&0\\ \hdashlin...
3 按列分块与按行分块
m × n m\times n m×n矩阵A有n列,称为矩阵A的n个列向量,若第j列记作
a j = ( a 1 j a 2 j ⋮ a m j ) a_j=\begin{pmatrix} a_{1j}\\ a_{2j}\\ \vdots\\ a_{mj} \end{pmatrix} aj= a1ja2j⋮amj
则A可按列分块位
A = ( a 1 , a 2 , ⋯ , a n ) A=(a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n) A=(a1,a2,⋯,an)
m × n m\times n m×n矩阵A有m行,称为矩阵A的m个行向量,若第 i i i行记作
α i T = ( a i 1 , a i 2 , ⋯ , a i n ) \alpha_i^T=(a_{i1},a_{i2},\cdots,a_{in}) αiT=(ai1,ai2,⋯,ain)
则A可按行分开为
A = ( α 1 T α 2 T ⋮ α m T ) A=\begin{pmatrix} \alpha_1^T\\ \alpha_2^T\\ \vdots\\ \alpha_m^T \end{pmatrix} A= α1Tα2T⋮αmT
对于矩阵 A = ( a i j ) m × s A=(a_{ij}){m\times s} A=(aij)m×s与矩阵 B = ( b i j ) s × n B=(b{ij}){s\times n} B=(bij)s×n的乘积矩阵 A B = C = ( c i j ) m × n AB=C=(c{ij})_{m\times n} AB=C=(cij)m×n,若把A按行分成m快,把B案列分成n快,便有
A B = ( α 1 T α 2 T ⋮ α m T ) ( b 1 , b 2 , ⋯ , b n ) = ( α 1 T b 1 α 1 T b 2 ⋯ α 1 T b n α 2 T b 1 α 2 T b 2 ⋯ α 2 T b n ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ α m T b 1 α m T b 2 ⋯ α m T b n ) AB=\begin{pmatrix} \alpha_1^T\\ \alpha_2^T\\ \vdots\\ \alpha_m^T \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} b_1,b_2,\cdots,b_n\\ \end{pmatrix}\\ =\begin{pmatrix} \alpha_1^Tb_1&\alpha_1^Tb_2&\cdots&\alpha_1^Tb_n\\ \alpha_2^Tb_1&\alpha_2^Tb_2&\cdots&\alpha_2^Tb_n\\ \vdots&\vdots&&\vdots\\ \alpha_m^Tb_1&\alpha_m^Tb_2&\cdots&\alpha_m^Tb_n\\ \end{pmatrix} AB= α1Tα2T⋮αmT (b1,b2,⋯,bn)= α1Tb1α2Tb1⋮αmTb1α1Tb2α2Tb2⋮αmTb2⋯⋯⋯α1Tbnα2Tbn⋮αmTbn
其中
c i j = α i T b j = ( a i 1 , a i 2 , ⋯ , a i s ) ( b 1 j b 2 j ⋮ b s j ) = ∑ k = 1 s a i k b k j c_{ij}=\alpha_i^Tb_j=(a_{i1},a_{i2},\cdots,a_{is}) \begin{pmatrix} b_{1j}\\ b_{2j}\\ \vdots\\ b_{sj} \end{pmatrix} =\sum_{k=1}^sa_{ik}b_{kj} cij=αiTbj=(ai1,ai2,⋯,ais) b1jb2j⋮bsj =k=1∑saikbkj
例19 证明矩阵 A = O A=O A=O的充分必要条件是方阵 A T A = O A^TA=O ATA=O
证明:条件的必要性是显然的 充分性 设 A = ( a i j ) m × n ,把 A 按列分块位 A = ( a 1 , a 2 , ⋯ , a n ) ,则 A T A = ( a 1 T a 2 T ⋮ a n T ) ( a 1 , a 2 , ⋯ , a n ) = ( a 1 T a 1 a 1 T a 2 ⋯ a 1 T a n a 2 T a 1 a 2 T a 2 ⋯ a 2 T a n ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ a n T a 1 a n T a 2 ⋯ a n T a n ) 即 A T A 的 ( i , j ) 元为 a i T a j 因 A T A = O ,故 a i T a j = 0 ( i , j = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n ) 特殊的,有 a j T a j = 0 ( j = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n ) 而 a j T a j = ( a 1 j , a 2 j , ⋯ , a m j ) ( a 1 j a 2 j ⋮ a m j ) = a 1 j 2 + a 2 j 2 + ⋯ + a m j 2 = 0 , 得 a 1 j = a 2 j = ⋯ = a m j = 0 即 A = O 证明:条件的必要性是显然的\\ 充分性\\ 设A=(a_{ij}){m\times n},把A按列分块位A=(a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n),则\\ A^TA=\begin{pmatrix} a_1^T\\ a_2^T\\ \vdots\\ a_n^T \end{pmatrix} (a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n)\\ =\begin{pmatrix} a_1^Ta_1&a_1^Ta_2&\cdots&a_1^Ta_n\\ a_2^Ta_1&a_2^Ta_2&\cdots&a_2^Ta_n\\ \vdots&\vdots&&\vdots\\ a_n^Ta_1&a_n^Ta_2&\cdots&a_n^Ta_n\\ \end{pmatrix}\\ 即A^TA的(i,j)元为a_i^Ta_j 因A^TA=O,故\\ a_i^Ta_j=0(i,j=1,2,\cdots,n) 特殊的,有\\ a_j^Ta_j=0(j=1,2,\cdots,n)\\ 而 a_j^Ta_j=(a{1j},a_{2j},\cdots,a_{mj}) \begin{pmatrix} a_{1j}\\ a_{2j}\\ \vdots\\ a_{mj} \end{pmatrix} =a_{1j}^2+a_{2j}^2+\cdots+a_{mj}^2=0,得\\ a_{1j}=a_{2j}=\cdots=a_{mj}=0\\ 即 A=O 证明:条件的必要性是显然的充分性设A=(aij)m×n,把A按列分块位A=(a1,a2,⋯,an),则ATA= a1Ta2T⋮anT (a1,a2,⋯,an)= a1Ta1a2Ta1⋮anTa1a1Ta2a2Ta2⋮anTa2⋯⋯⋯a1Tana2Tan⋮anTan 即ATA的(i,j)元为aiTaj因ATA=O,故aiTaj=0(i,j=1,2,⋯,n)特殊的,有ajTaj=0(j=1,2,⋯,n)而ajTaj=(a1j,a2j,⋯,amj) a1ja2j⋮amj =a1j2+a2j2+⋯+amj2=0,得a1j=a2j=⋯=amj=0即A=O
线性方程组
{ a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ⋯ + a 1 n x n = b 1 , a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ⋯ + a 2 n x n = b 2 , ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ a m 1 x 1 + a m 2 x 2 + ⋯ + a m n x n = b m , \begin{cases} a_{11}x_1+a_{12}x_2+\cdots+a_{1n}x_n=b_1,\\ a_{21}x_1+a_{22}x_2+\cdots+a_{2n}x_n=b_2,\\ \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\\ a_{m1}x_1+a_{m2}x_2+\cdots+a_{mn}x_n=b_m,\\ \end{cases} ⎩ ⎨ ⎧a11x1+a12x2+⋯+a1nxn=b1,a21x1+a22x2+⋯+a2nxn=b2,⋯⋯⋯⋯am1x1+am2x2+⋯+amnxn=bm,
它的矩阵乘积形式为
A m × n x n × 1 = b m × 1 A_{m\times n}x_{n\times 1}=b_{m\times 1} Am×nxn×1=bm×1
上式中,把A案列分块,把x按行分块,有分块矩阵的乘法有
( a 1 , a 2 , ⋯ , a n ) ( x 1 , x 2 , ⋮ x n ) = b , 即 x 1 a 1 + x 2 a 2 + ⋯ + x n a n = b (a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n) \begin{pmatrix} x_1,\\ x_2,\\ \vdots\\ x_n \end{pmatrix} =b,即\\ x_1a_1+x_2a_2+\cdots+x_na_n=b (a1,a2,⋯,an) x1,x2,⋮xn =b,即x1a1+x2a2+⋯+xnan=b
其实方程组表成
( a 11 a 21 ⋮ a m 1 ) x 1 + ( a 12 a 22 ⋮ a m 2 ) x 2 + ⋯ ( a 1 n a 2 n ⋮ a m n ) x n = ( b 1 b 2 ⋮ b m ) \begin{pmatrix} a_{11}\\ a_{21}\\ \vdots\\ a_{m1} \end{pmatrix}x_1 +\begin{pmatrix} a_{12}\\ a_{22}\\ \vdots\\ a_{m2} \end{pmatrix}x_2 +\cdots \begin{pmatrix} a_{1n}\\ a_{2n}\\ \vdots\\ a_{mn} \end{pmatrix}x_n =\begin{pmatrix} b_1\\ b_2\\ \vdots\\ b_m \end{pmatrix} a11a21⋮am1 x1+ a12a22⋮am2 x2+⋯ a1na2n⋮amn xn= b1b2⋮bm
结语
❓QQ:806797785
⭐️文档笔记地址 https://github.com/gaogzhen/math
参考:
[1]同济大学数学系.工程数学.线性代数 第6版 [M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014.6.p46-52.
[2]同济六版《线性代数》全程教学视频[CP/OL].2020-02-07.p12.