前言
今天学习到一个有关状态的概念,叫State。有趣的事,这个东西在QWidget那套样式表的格式中也有应用,比方说某个控件存在不同的切换状态,我们就可以使用State的方式来写样式表,然后C++代码中进行状态切换。有点扯远了,接下来就记录一下QML中有关State的使用,顺便应用一下Transition过渡
一、State状态
没什么好说的,直接看代码。
完整代码:
cpp
import QtQuick 2.15
import QtQuick.Window 2.15
Window {
width: 640
height: 480
visible: true
title: qsTr("StateAndTransition")
Rectangle{
id: containerRectId
anchors.fill: parent
//Sky
Rectangle{
id:skyId
width: parent.width
height:200
color: "blue"
}
Rectangle{
id: groundId
anchors.top: skyId.bottom
anchors.bottom: parent.bottom
width: parent.width
color:"lime"
}
Rectangle{
id: sunId
x: parent.width - width - 100
y:50
width: 100
height: 100
color: "yellow"
radius: 600
}
state: "spring"
states: [
//Spring
State{
name: "spring"
PropertyChanges {
target: skyId
color: "deepskyblue"
}
PropertyChanges {
target: groundId
color: "lime"
}
PropertyChanges {
target: sunId
color:"lightyellow"
}
},
//Summer
State{
name:"summer"
PropertyChanges {
target: skyId
color:"lightblue"
}
PropertyChanges {
target:groundId
color:"darkkhaki"
}
PropertyChanges {
target: sunId
color:"yellow"
}
}
]
transitions: [
Transition {
from: "summer"
to: "spring"
ColorAnimation {
duration: 500
}
NumberAnimation{
property: "opacity"
duration: 500
}
},
Transition {
from: "spring"
to: "summer"
ColorAnimation {
duration: 500
}
NumberAnimation{
property: "opacity"
duration: 500
}
}
]
MouseArea{
anchors.fill: parent
onClicked:function(){
containerRectId.state = (containerRectId.state === "spring" ? "summer" : "spring")
}
}
}
}
states是一个状态数组,里面添加了两种状态,分别是spring春天和summer夏天。里面会包含几个PropertyChanges 属性变更,然后指定target对象和属性,这里是color颜色。
最后,我们通过MouseArea的点击,还有三元运算符来进行状态的切换。
代码其实比较好理解,说完下面的过渡,再贴上效果图。
二、Transition过渡
以下是过渡效果的代码:
cpp
transitions: [
Transition {
from: "summer"
to: "spring"
ColorAnimation {
duration: 500
}
NumberAnimation{
property: "opacity"
duration: 500
}
},
Transition {
from: "spring"
to: "summer"
ColorAnimation {
duration: 500
}
NumberAnimation{
property: "opacity"
duration: 500
}
}
它也是数组和单个过渡元素的设置,from和to则不是实际的组件元素,而是状态名称,这一点还是有点不同的。这里终于添加了有关动画的效果,分别是颜色动画和数值动画。最后看一下效果,我觉得还挺舒服的。

在我跟学的视频中,还有树木图片的状态切换。但我没有图片资源,我也懒得搞了。
三、带渐变的状态
使用这种方式,可以设置颜色渐变:
cpp
gradient: Gradient{
GradientStop{
id: groundStartColorId
position: 0.0
color: "lime"
}
GradientStop{
id: groundEndColorId
position: 1.0
color: "lightyellow"
}
}
0.0到1.0,意味着y轴上从0到1范围,也就是全部范围的颜色渐变。也可以在中间多插入几个渐变点进行控制。
下面是完整代码:
cpp
import QtQuick 2.15
import QtQuick.Window 2.15
import QtQuick.Shapes 1.10
Window {
width: 640
height: 480
visible: true
title: qsTr("StateAndTransition")
Rectangle{
id: containerRectId
anchors.fill: parent
//Sky
Rectangle{
id:skyId
width: parent.width
height:200
// color: "blue"
gradient: Gradient{
GradientStop{
id: skyStartColorId
position: 0.0
color: "blue"
}
GradientStop{
id: skyEndColorId
position: 1.0
color: "#66CCFF"
}
}
}
Rectangle{
id: groundId
anchors.top: skyId.bottom
anchors.bottom: parent.bottom
width: parent.width
// color:"lime"
gradient: Gradient{
GradientStop{
id: groundStartColorId
position: 0.0
color: "lime"
}
GradientStop{
id: groundEndColorId
position: 1.0
color: "lightyellow"
}
}
}
Rectangle{
id: sunId
x: parent.width - width - 100
y:50
width: 100
height: 100
color: "yellow"
radius: 600
}
state: "spring"
states: [
//Spring
State{
name: "spring"
// PropertyChanges {
// target: skyId
// color: "deepskyblue"
// }
PropertyChanges {
target: skyStartColorId
color: "deepskyblue"
}
PropertyChanges {
target: skyEndColorId
color: "#AACCFF"
}
// PropertyChanges {
// target: groundId
// color: "lime"
// }
PropertyChanges {
target: groundStartColorId
color: "lime"
}
PropertyChanges {
target: groundEndColorId
color: "#66CCFF"
}
PropertyChanges {
target: sunId
color:"lightyellow"
}
},
//Summer
State{
name:"summer"
// PropertyChanges {
// target: skyId
// color:"lightblue"
// }
PropertyChanges {
target: skyStartColorId
color: "lightblue"
}
PropertyChanges {
target: skyEndColorId
color: "#EECCFF"
}
// PropertyChanges {
// target:groundId
// color:"darkkhaki"
// }
PropertyChanges {
target: groundStartColorId
color: "lime"
}
PropertyChanges {
target: groundEndColorId
color: "yellow"
}
PropertyChanges {
target: sunId
color:"yellow"
}
}
]
transitions: [
Transition {
from: "*"
to: "*"
ColorAnimation {
duration: 500
}
NumberAnimation{
property: "opacity"
duration: 500
}
}
]
MouseArea{
anchors.fill: parent
onClicked:function(){
containerRectId.state = (containerRectId.state === "spring" ? "summer" : "spring")
}
}
}
}
运行效果:

四、总结
State状态、Transition过渡和Gradient渐变,无疑更加丰富了QML中的动态效果。其实状态和渐变作为基础ui效果,在qwidget中也有应用,但配合上过渡的动画效果,给人的体验感还是挺不一样的。希望后续实际开发中也有机会使用到这个东西。