积分计算杂题

文章目录

前言

一元积分学计算杂题,包括一些常见的换元法以及简单的三角函数积分题

题目梗概

  1. 一元积分1.6 简单三角函数积分

    求积分(1) ∫ sec ⁡ 3 x d x \displaystyle\int \sec^3 x dx ∫sec3xdx(2) ∫ tan ⁡ 3 x d x \displaystyle\int \tan^3 x dx ∫tan3xdx(3) ∫ tan ⁡ 4 x d x \displaystyle\int \tan^4 x dx ∫tan4xdx

  2. 一元积分1.7 三角有理式积分(万能公式法)

    求积分 I = ∫ 1 a + b cos ⁡ x d x ( a > 0 , b > 0 ) \displaystyle I = \int \frac{1}{a+b\cos x} dx \quad (a>0,b>0) I=∫a+bcosx1dx(a>0,b>0)

  3. 一元积分1.8 不定积分计算(根式指数式型)

    计算不定积分 I = ∫ e 2 x e x − 1 d x \displaystyle I = \int \frac{e^{2x}}{\sqrt{e^x - 1}} dx I=∫ex−1 e2xdx

  4. 一元积分1.9 不定积分计算(对数根式型)

    计算不定积分 I = ∫ ln ⁡ ( 1 + 1 + x x ) d x \displaystyle I = \int \ln\left(1 + \sqrt{\frac{1+x}{x}}\right) dx I=∫ln(1+x1+x )dx

  5. 一元积分1.10 定积分计算(三角换元)

    设 y = x 1 + x 2 y = \dfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} y=1+x2 x,求定积分 I = ∫ 1 2 3 2 x y   d y \displaystyle I = \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} xy \, dy I=∫2123 xydy

参考解析

1.6

  • 三角积分: ∫ sec ⁡ 3 x d x \int \sec^3 x dx ∫sec3xdx
    考察点:分部积分法(循环积分)、有理函数积分(部分分式分解)、三角恒等变换


法一(分部积分法)

令 u = sec ⁡ x u = \sec x u=secx, d v = sec ⁡ 2 x d x dv = \sec^2 x dx dv=sec2xdx,则 d u = sec ⁡ x tan ⁡ x d x du = \sec x \tan x dx du=secxtanxdx, v = tan ⁡ x v = \tan x v=tanx:
∫ sec ⁡ 3 x d x = ∫ sec ⁡ x d ( tan ⁡ x ) = sec ⁡ x tan ⁡ x − ∫ sec ⁡ x tan ⁡ 2 x d x = sec ⁡ x tan ⁡ x − ∫ sec ⁡ x ( sec ⁡ 2 x − 1 ) d x = sec ⁡ x tan ⁡ x − ∫ sec ⁡ 3 x d x + ∫ sec ⁡ x d x \begin{aligned} \int \sec^3 x dx &= \int \sec x d(\tan x) \\ &= \sec x \tan x - \int \sec x \tan^2 x dx \\ &= \sec x \tan x - \int \sec x (\sec^2 x - 1) dx \\ &= \sec x \tan x - \int \sec^3 x dx + \int \sec x dx \end{aligned} ∫sec3xdx=∫secxd(tanx)=secxtanx−∫secxtan2xdx=secxtanx−∫secx(sec2x−1)dx=secxtanx−∫sec3xdx+∫secxdx

移项得:
2 ∫ sec ⁡ 3 x d x = sec ⁡ x tan ⁡ x + ln ⁡ ∣ sec ⁡ x + tan ⁡ x ∣ + C 2\int \sec^3 x dx = \sec x \tan x + \ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C 2∫sec3xdx=secxtanx+ln∣secx+tanx∣+C

因此:
∫ sec ⁡ 3 x d x = 1 2 sec ⁡ x tan ⁡ x + 1 2 ln ⁡ ∣ sec ⁡ x + tan ⁡ x ∣ + C \int \sec^3 x dx = \frac{1}{2}\sec x \tan x + \frac{1}{2}\ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C ∫sec3xdx=21secxtanx+21ln∣secx+tanx∣+C

法二(有理函数积分)

令 u = sin ⁡ x u = \sin x u=sinx, d u = cos ⁡ x d x du = \cos x dx du=cosxdx,则:
∫ sec ⁡ 3 x d x = ∫ d ( sin ⁡ x ) ( 1 − sin ⁡ 2 x ) 2 = ∫ d u ( 1 − u 2 ) 2 \int \sec^3 x dx = \int \frac{d(\sin x)}{(1-\sin^2 x)^2} = \int \frac{du}{(1-u^2)^2} ∫sec3xdx=∫(1−sin2x)2d(sinx)=∫(1−u2)2du

部分分式分解 1 ( 1 − u 2 ) 2 = 1 4 ( 1 − u ) + 1 4 ( 1 − u ) 2 + 1 4 ( 1 + u ) + 1 4 ( 1 + u ) 2 \frac{1}{(1-u^2)^2} = \frac{1}{4(1-u)} + \frac{1}{4(1-u)^2} + \frac{1}{4(1+u)} + \frac{1}{4(1+u)^2} (1−u2)21=4(1−u)1+4(1−u)21+4(1+u)1+4(1+u)21,积分得:
∫ d u ( 1 − u 2 ) 2 = 1 4 ( ln ⁡ ∣ 1 + u 1 − u ∣ + 2 u 1 − u 2 ) + C = 1 4 ln ⁡ ∣ 1 + sin ⁡ x 1 − sin ⁡ x ∣ + sin ⁡ x 2 cos ⁡ 2 x + C \begin{aligned} \int \frac{du}{(1-u^2)^2} &= \frac{1}{4}\left(\ln\left|\frac{1+u}{1-u}\right| + \frac{2u}{1-u^2}\right) + C \\ &= \frac{1}{4}\ln\left|\frac{1+\sin x}{1-\sin x}\right| + \frac{\sin x}{2\cos^2 x} + C \end{aligned} ∫(1−u2)2du=41(ln 1−u1+u +1−u22u)+C=41ln 1−sinx1+sinx +2cos2xsinx+C

(与法一结果等价,可通过三角恒等变换验证)


  • 三角积分: ∫ tan ⁡ 3 x d x \int \tan^3 x dx ∫tan3xdx
    考察点:三角恒等变换、凑微分法、基本积分公式

利用 tan ⁡ 3 x = tan ⁡ x ( sec ⁡ 2 x − 1 ) \tan^3 x = \tan x (\sec^2 x - 1) tan3x=tanx(sec2x−1),拆分积分:
∫ tan ⁡ 3 x d x = ∫ tan ⁡ x ( sec ⁡ 2 x − 1 ) d x = ∫ tan ⁡ x d ( tan ⁡ x ) − ∫ tan ⁡ x d x = 1 2 tan ⁡ 2 x + ln ⁡ ∣ cos ⁡ x ∣ + C \begin{aligned} \int \tan^3 x dx &= \int \tan x (\sec^2 x - 1) dx \\ &= \int \tan x d(\tan x) - \int \tan x dx \\ &= \frac{1}{2}\tan^2 x + \ln|\cos x| + C \end{aligned} ∫tan3xdx=∫tanx(sec2x−1)dx=∫tanxd(tanx)−∫tanxdx=21tan2x+ln∣cosx∣+C

(注:也可写为 1 2 sec ⁡ 2 x + ln ⁡ ∣ cos ⁡ x ∣ + C \frac{1}{2}\sec^2 x + \ln|\cos x| + C 21sec2x+ln∣cosx∣+C,利用 tan ⁡ 2 x = sec ⁡ 2 x − 1 \tan^2 x = \sec^2 x -1 tan2x=sec2x−1合并常数)


  • 三角积分: ∫ tan ⁡ 4 x d x \int \tan^4 x dx ∫tan4xdx
    考察点:三角积分拆分、凑微分法、多次降次

利用 tan ⁡ 4 x = tan ⁡ 2 x ( sec ⁡ 2 x − 1 ) \tan^4 x = \tan^2 x (\sec^2 x - 1) tan4x=tan2x(sec2x−1),拆分积分:
∫ tan ⁡ 4 x d x = ∫ tan ⁡ 2 x ( sec ⁡ 2 x − 1 ) d x = ∫ tan ⁡ 2 x d ( tan ⁡ x ) − ∫ tan ⁡ 2 x d x = 1 3 tan ⁡ 3 x − ∫ ( sec ⁡ 2 x − 1 ) d x = 1 3 tan ⁡ 3 x − tan ⁡ x + x + C \begin{aligned} \int \tan^4 x dx &= \int \tan^2 x (\sec^2 x - 1) dx \\ &= \int \tan^2 x d(\tan x) - \int \tan^2 x dx \\ &= \frac{1}{3}\tan^3 x - \int (\sec^2 x - 1) dx \\ &= \frac{1}{3}\tan^3 x - \tan x + x + C \end{aligned} ∫tan4xdx=∫tan2x(sec2x−1)dx=∫tan2xd(tanx)−∫tan2xdx=31tan3x−∫(sec2x−1)dx=31tan3x−tanx+x+C

1.7

考察点 :三角有理式积分(万能代换/半角代换)、三角恒等变形、分式积分分类讨论、凑微分法、基本积分公式 ∫ 1 1 + u 2 d u \int \frac{1}{1+u^2}du ∫1+u21du与 ∫ 1 1 − u 2 d u \int \frac{1}{1-u^2}du ∫1−u21du的应用

题目 :求积分
I = ∫ 1 a + b cos ⁡ x d x ( a > 0 , b > 0 ) I = \int \frac{1}{a+b\cos x} dx \quad (a>0,b>0) I=∫a+bcosx1dx(a>0,b>0)


解法一:万能代换(半角代换)法

令万能代换 t = tan ⁡ x 2 t = \tan\frac{x}{2} t=tan2x,由三角恒等式:
cos ⁡ x = 1 − t 2 1 + t 2 , d x = 2 d t 1 + t 2 \cos x = \frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2},\quad dx = \frac{2dt}{1+t^2} cosx=1+t21−t2,dx=1+t22dt

代入原积分化简:
I = ∫ 1 a + b ⋅ 1 − t 2 1 + t 2 ⋅ 2 d t 1 + t 2 = 2 ∫ d t a ( 1 + t 2 ) + b ( 1 − t 2 ) = 2 ∫ d t ( a + b ) + ( a − b ) t 2 \begin{aligned} I &= \int \frac{1}{a + b\cdot\frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2}} \cdot \frac{2dt}{1+t^2} \\ &= 2\int \frac{dt}{a(1+t^2) + b(1-t^2)} \\ &= 2\int \frac{dt}{(a+b) + (a-b)t^2} \end{aligned} I=∫a+b⋅1+t21−t21⋅1+t22dt=2∫a(1+t2)+b(1−t2)dt=2∫(a+b)+(a−b)t2dt

按 a , b a,b a,b的大小关系分类讨论:

  1. 当 a = b a = b a=b时

    分母为 2 a 2a 2a,积分简化为:
    I = 2 ∫ d t 2 a = 1 a t + C = 1 a tan ⁡ x 2 + C I = 2\int \frac{dt}{2a} = \frac{1}{a}t + C = \frac{1}{a}\tan\frac{x}{2} + C I=2∫2adt=a1t+C=a1tan2x+C

  2. 当 a > b a > b a>b时
    a − b > 0 a-b>0 a−b>0,提取公因子 a + b a+b a+b,凑 arctan ⁡ \arctan arctan积分形式:
    I = 2 a + b ∫ d t 1 + a − b a + b t 2 I = \frac{2}{a+b}\int \frac{dt}{1 + \frac{a-b}{a+b}t^2} I=a+b2∫1+a+ba−bt2dt

    令 u = t a − b a + b u = t\sqrt{\frac{a-b}{a+b}} u=ta+ba−b ,则 d u = a − b a + b d t du = \sqrt{\frac{a-b}{a+b}}dt du=a+ba−b dt,代入得:
    I = 2 a 2 − b 2 arctan ⁡ ( a − b a + b tan ⁡ x 2 ) + C I = \frac{2}{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}} \arctan\left( \sqrt{\frac{a-b}{a+b}} \tan\frac{x}{2} \right) + C I=a2−b2 2arctan(a+ba−b tan2x)+C

  3. 当 a < b a < b a<b时
    a − b < 0 a-b<0 a−b<0,提取公因子 b − a b-a b−a,凑 ln ⁡ \ln ln积分形式:
    I = 2 a + b ∫ d t 1 − b − a a + b t 2 I = \frac{2}{a+b}\int \frac{dt}{1 - \frac{b-a}{a+b}t^2} I=a+b2∫1−a+bb−at2dt

    令 u = t b − a a + b u = t\sqrt{\frac{b-a}{a+b}} u=ta+bb−a ,则 d u = b − a a + b d t du = \sqrt{\frac{b-a}{a+b}}dt du=a+bb−a dt,代入得:
    I = 1 b 2 − a 2 ln ⁡ ∣ 1 + t b − a a + b 1 − t b − a a + b ∣ + C I = \frac{1}{\sqrt{b^2-a^2}} \ln\left| \frac{1 + t\sqrt{\frac{b-a}{a+b}}}{1 - t\sqrt{\frac{b-a}{a+b}}} \right| + C I=b2−a2 1ln 1−ta+bb−a 1+ta+bb−a +C

    代回 t = tan ⁡ x 2 t = \tan\frac{x}{2} t=tan2x,整理为:
    I = 1 b 2 − a 2 ln ⁡ ∣ tan ⁡ x 2 + a + b b − a tan ⁡ x 2 − a + b b − a ∣ + C I = \frac{1}{\sqrt{b^2-a^2}} \ln\left| \frac{\tan\frac{x}{2} + \sqrt{\frac{a+b}{b-a}}}{\tan\frac{x}{2} - \sqrt{\frac{a+b}{b-a}}} \right| + C I=b2−a2 1ln tan2x−b−aa+b tan2x+b−aa+b +C


解法二:拆分法

利用平方差公式 a 2 − b 2 cos ⁡ 2 x = ( a − b cos ⁡ x ) ( a + b cos ⁡ x ) a^2 - b^2\cos^2x = (a-b\cos x)(a+b\cos x) a2−b2cos2x=(a−bcosx)(a+bcosx),拆分积分:
I = ∫ a − b cos ⁡ x a 2 − b 2 cos ⁡ 2 x d x = a ∫ d x a 2 − b 2 cos ⁡ 2 x − b ∫ cos ⁡ x a 2 − b 2 cos ⁡ 2 x d x = I 1 − I 2 I = \int \frac{a - b\cos x}{a^2 - b^2\cos^2x} dx = a\int \frac{dx}{a^2 - b^2\cos^2x} - b\int \frac{\cos x}{a^2 - b^2\cos^2x} dx = I_1 - I_2 I=∫a2−b2cos2xa−bcosxdx=a∫a2−b2cos2xdx−b∫a2−b2cos2xcosxdx=I1−I2

  • 计算 I 1 = a ∫ d x a 2 − b 2 cos ⁡ 2 x \displaystyle I_1 = a\int \frac{dx}{a^2 - b^2\cos^2x} I1=a∫a2−b2cos2xdx

    分子分母同除以 cos ⁡ 2 x \cos^2x cos2x,凑 d ( tan ⁡ x ) d(\tan x) d(tanx):
    I 1 = a ∫ sec ⁡ 2 x d x a 2 sec ⁡ 2 x − b 2 = a ∫ d ( tan ⁡ x ) a 2 ( 1 + tan ⁡ 2 x ) − b 2 = a ∫ d u ( a 2 − b 2 ) + a 2 u 2 ( u = tan ⁡ x ) I_1 = a\int \frac{\sec^2x dx}{a^2\sec^2x - b^2} = a\int \frac{d(\tan x)}{a^2(1+\tan^2x) - b^2} = a\int \frac{du}{(a^2-b^2) + a^2u^2} \quad (u=\tan x) I1=a∫a2sec2x−b2sec2xdx=a∫a2(1+tan2x)−b2d(tanx)=a∫(a2−b2)+a2u2du(u=tanx)

  • 计算 I 2 = b ∫ cos ⁡ x a 2 − b 2 cos ⁡ 2 x d x \displaystyle I_2 = b\int \frac{\cos x}{a^2 - b^2\cos^2x} dx I2=b∫a2−b2cos2xcosxdx

    利用 cos ⁡ 2 x = 1 − sin ⁡ 2 x \cos^2x = 1-\sin^2x cos2x=1−sin2x,凑 d ( sin ⁡ x ) d(\sin x) d(sinx):
    I 2 = b ∫ d ( sin ⁡ x ) a 2 − b 2 ( 1 − sin ⁡ 2 x ) = b ∫ d v ( a 2 − b 2 ) + b 2 v 2 ( v = sin ⁡ x ) I_2 = b\int \frac{d(\sin x)}{a^2 - b^2(1-\sin^2x)} = b\int \frac{dv}{(a^2-b^2) + b^2v^2} \quad (v=\sin x) I2=b∫a2−b2(1−sin2x)d(sinx)=b∫(a2−b2)+b2v2dv(v=sinx)

按 a , b a,b a,b的大小关系分类讨论:

  1. 当 a = b a = b a=b时
    a 2 − b 2 = 0 a^2-b^2=0 a2−b2=0, I 1 = 1 a ∫ d u u 2 = − 1 a tan ⁡ x + C I_1 = \frac{1}{a}\int \frac{du}{u^2} = -\frac{1}{a\tan x} + C I1=a1∫u2du=−atanx1+C, I 2 = 1 a ∫ d v v 2 = − 1 a sin ⁡ x + C I_2 = \frac{1}{a}\int \frac{dv}{v^2} = -\frac{1}{a\sin x} + C I2=a1∫v2dv=−asinx1+C

    因此 I = I 1 − I 2 = 1 a ( 1 sin ⁡ x − 1 tan ⁡ x ) + C = 1 a tan ⁡ x 2 + C I = I_1 - I_2 = \frac{1}{a}\left(\frac{1}{\sin x} - \frac{1}{\tan x}\right) + C = \frac{1}{a}\tan\frac{x}{2} + C I=I1−I2=a1(sinx1−tanx1)+C=a1tan2x+C(与法一结果一致)

  2. 当 a > b a > b a>b时

    令 k = a 2 − b 2 > 0 k = \sqrt{a^2-b^2} > 0 k=a2−b2 >0,则:
    I 1 = 1 k arctan ⁡ ( a k tan ⁡ x ) + C , I 2 = 1 k arctan ⁡ ( b k sin ⁡ x ) + C I_1 = \frac{1}{k}\arctan\left(\frac{a}{k}\tan x\right) + C,\quad I_2 = \frac{1}{k}\arctan\left(\frac{b}{k}\sin x\right) + C I1=k1arctan(katanx)+C,I2=k1arctan(kbsinx)+C

    因此 I = 1 k [ arctan ⁡ ( a k tan ⁡ x ) − arctan ⁡ ( b k sin ⁡ x ) ] + C I = \frac{1}{k}\left[ \arctan\left(\frac{a}{k}\tan x\right) - \arctan\left(\frac{b}{k}\sin x\right) \right] + C I=k1[arctan(katanx)−arctan(kbsinx)]+C

  3. 当 a < b a < b a<b时

    令 k = b 2 − a 2 > 0 k = \sqrt{b^2-a^2} > 0 k=b2−a2 >0,则 a 2 − b 2 = − k 2 a^2-b^2 = -k^2 a2−b2=−k2:
    I 1 = 1 2 k ln ⁡ ∣ a tan ⁡ x − k a tan ⁡ x + k ∣ + C , I 2 = 1 2 k ln ⁡ ∣ b sin ⁡ x − k b sin ⁡ x + k ∣ + C I_1 = \frac{1}{2k}\ln\left| \frac{a\tan x - k}{a\tan x + k} \right| + C,\quad I_2 = \frac{1}{2k}\ln\left| \frac{b\sin x - k}{b\sin x + k} \right| + C I1=2k1ln atanx+katanx−k +C,I2=2k1ln bsinx+kbsinx−k +C

    因此 I = 1 k ln ⁡ ∣ a tan ⁡ x + k sec ⁡ x a tan ⁡ x − k sec ⁡ x ∣ + C I = \frac{1}{k}\ln\left| \frac{a\tan x + k\sec x}{a\tan x - k\sec x} \right| + C I=k1ln atanx−ksecxatanx+ksecx +C(与法一结果等价)


变式:求积分 I = ∫ 1 a + b sin ⁡ x d x I = \int \frac{1}{a+b\sin x} dx I=∫a+bsinx1dx( a > 0 , b > 0 a>0,b>0 a>0,b>0)

考察点:万能代换、三角积分分类讨论、凑微分法

用万能代换 t = tan ⁡ x 2 t = \tan\frac{x}{2} t=tan2x, sin ⁡ x = 2 t 1 + t 2 \sin x = \frac{2t}{1+t^2} sinx=1+t22t,代入得:
I = ∫ 1 a + b ⋅ 2 t 1 + t 2 ⋅ 2 d t 1 + t 2 = 2 ∫ d t a t 2 + 2 b t + a = 2 a ∫ d t ( t + b a ) 2 + 1 − b 2 a 2 \begin{aligned} I &= \int \frac{1}{a + b\cdot\frac{2t}{1+t^2}} \cdot \frac{2dt}{1+t^2} \\ &= 2\int \frac{dt}{a t^2 + 2bt + a} \\ &= \frac{2}{a}\int \frac{dt}{\left(t+\frac{b}{a}\right)^2 + 1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}} \end{aligned} I=∫a+b⋅1+t22t1⋅1+t22dt=2∫at2+2bt+adt=a2∫(t+ab)2+1−a2b2dt

按 a , b a,b a,b的大小关系分类讨论:

  1. 当 a = b a = b a=b时
    I = 2 a ∫ d t ( t + 1 ) 2 = − 2 a ( t + 1 ) + C = − 2 a ( tan ⁡ x 2 + 1 ) + C I = \frac{2}{a}\int \frac{dt}{(t+1)^2} = -\frac{2}{a(t+1)} + C = -\frac{2}{a\left(\tan\frac{x}{2}+1\right)} + C I=a2∫(t+1)2dt=−a(t+1)2+C=−a(tan2x+1)2+C

  2. 当 a > b a > b a>b时

    令 k = a 2 − b 2 a > 0 k = \frac{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}{a} > 0 k=aa2−b2 >0,则:
    I = 2 a ∫ d t ( t + b a ) 2 + k 2 = 2 a 2 − b 2 arctan ⁡ ( a tan ⁡ x 2 + b a 2 − b 2 ) + C I = \frac{2}{a}\int \frac{dt}{\left(t+\frac{b}{a}\right)^2 + k^2} = \frac{2}{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}} \arctan\left( \frac{a\tan\frac{x}{2} + b}{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}} \right) + C I=a2∫(t+ab)2+k2dt=a2−b2 2arctan(a2−b2 atan2x+b)+C

  3. 当 a < b a < b a<b时

    令 k = b 2 − a 2 a > 0 k = \frac{\sqrt{b^2-a^2}}{a} > 0 k=ab2−a2 >0,则:
    I = 2 a ∫ d t ( t + b a ) 2 − k 2 = 1 b 2 − a 2 ln ⁡ ∣ a tan ⁡ x 2 + b − b 2 − a 2 a tan ⁡ x 2 + b + b 2 − a 2 ∣ + C I = \frac{2}{a}\int \frac{dt}{\left(t+\frac{b}{a}\right)^2 - k^2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{b^2-a^2}} \ln\left| \frac{a\tan\frac{x}{2} + b - \sqrt{b^2-a^2}}{a\tan\frac{x}{2} + b + \sqrt{b^2-a^2}} \right| + C I=a2∫(t+ab)2−k2dt=b2−a2 1ln atan2x+b+b2−a2 atan2x+b−b2−a2 +C


最终结论汇总

  • 对于 ∫ 1 a + b cos ⁡ x d x \int \frac{1}{a+b\cos x}dx ∫a+bcosx1dx( a > 0 , b > 0 a>0,b>0 a>0,b>0):
    I = { 1 a tan ⁡ x 2 + C , a = b 2 a 2 − b 2 arctan ⁡ ( a − b a + b tan ⁡ x 2 ) + C , a > b 1 b 2 − a 2 ln ⁡ ∣ tan ⁡ x 2 + a + b b − a tan ⁡ x 2 − a + b b − a ∣ + C , a < b I = \begin{cases} \dfrac{1}{a}\tan\frac{x}{2} + C, & a = b \\ \dfrac{2}{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}} \arctan\left( \sqrt{\dfrac{a-b}{a+b}} \tan\frac{x}{2} \right) + C, & a > b \\ \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{b^2-a^2}} \ln\left| \dfrac{\tan\frac{x}{2} + \sqrt{\dfrac{a+b}{b-a}}}{\tan\frac{x}{2} - \sqrt{\dfrac{a+b}{b-a}}} \right| + C, & a < b \end{cases} I=⎩ ⎨ ⎧a1tan2x+C,a2−b2 2arctan(a+ba−b tan2x)+C,b2−a2 1ln tan2x−b−aa+b tan2x+b−aa+b +C,a=ba>ba<b

  • 对于 ∫ 1 a + b sin ⁡ x d x \int \frac{1}{a+b\sin x}dx ∫a+bsinx1dx( a > 0 , b > 0 a>0,b>0 a>0,b>0):
    I = { − 2 a ( tan ⁡ x 2 + 1 ) + C , a = b 2 a 2 − b 2 arctan ⁡ ( a tan ⁡ x 2 + b a 2 − b 2 ) + C , a > b 1 b 2 − a 2 ln ⁡ ∣ a tan ⁡ x 2 + b − b 2 − a 2 a tan ⁡ x 2 + b + b 2 − a 2 ∣ + C , a < b I = \begin{cases} -\dfrac{2}{a\left(\tan\frac{x}{2}+1\right)} + C, & a = b \\ \dfrac{2}{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}} \arctan\left( \dfrac{a\tan\frac{x}{2} + b}{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}} \right) + C, & a > b \\ \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{b^2-a^2}} \ln\left| \dfrac{a\tan\frac{x}{2} + b - \sqrt{b^2-a^2}}{a\tan\frac{x}{2} + b + \sqrt{b^2-a^2}} \right| + C, & a < b \end{cases} I=⎩ ⎨ ⎧−a(tan2x+1)2+C,a2−b2 2arctan(a2−b2 atan2x+b)+C,b2−a2 1ln atan2x+b+b2−a2 atan2x+b−b2−a2 +C,a=ba>ba<b

    1.8

考察点:凑微分法、换元积分法、根式型不定积分化简、幂函数基本积分公式

题目 :计算不定积分
I = ∫ e 2 x e x − 1 d x I = \int \frac{e^{2x}}{\sqrt{e^x - 1}} dx I=∫ex−1 e2xdx


解法一(凑微分+拆分法)

对被积函数变形,凑微分:
I = ∫ e x ⋅ e x e x − 1 d x = ∫ e x e x − 1 d ( e x ) I = \int \frac{e^x \cdot e^x}{\sqrt{e^x - 1}} dx = \int \frac{e^x}{\sqrt{e^x - 1}} d(e^x) I=∫ex−1 ex⋅exdx=∫ex−1 exd(ex)

令 t = e x − 1 t = e^x - 1 t=ex−1,则 d t = e x d x dt = e^x dx dt=exdx,代入得:
I = ∫ t + 1 t d t = ∫ ( t + 1 t ) d t I = \int \frac{t+1}{\sqrt{t}} dt = \int \left( \sqrt{t} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{t}} \right) dt I=∫t t+1dt=∫(t +t 1)dt

由幂函数积分公式 ∫ t α d t = t α + 1 α + 1 + C \int t^\alpha dt = \frac{t^{\alpha+1}}{\alpha+1} + C ∫tαdt=α+1tα+1+C( α ≠ − 1 \alpha \neq -1 α=−1):
I = 2 3 t 3 2 + 2 t + C I = \frac{2}{3}t^{\frac{3}{2}} + 2\sqrt{t} + C I=32t23+2t +C

代回 t = e x − 1 t = e^x - 1 t=ex−1,得最终结果:
I = 2 3 ( e x − 1 ) 3 2 + 2 e x − 1 + C I = \frac{2}{3}(e^x - 1)^{\frac{3}{2}} + 2\sqrt{e^x - 1} + C I=32(ex−1)23+2ex−1 +C


解法二(换元法)

令 t = e x − 1 t = \sqrt{e^x - 1} t=ex−1 ,则 t 2 = e x − 1 t^2 = e^x - 1 t2=ex−1,即 e x = t 2 + 1 e^x = t^2 + 1 ex=t2+1,求导得:
x = ln ⁡ ( t 2 + 1 ) , d x = 2 t t 2 + 1 d t x = \ln(t^2 + 1),\quad dx = \frac{2t}{t^2 + 1} dt x=ln(t2+1),dx=t2+12tdt

代入原积分:
I = ∫ ( t 2 + 1 ) 2 t ⋅ 2 t t 2 + 1 d t = ∫ 2 ( t 2 + 1 ) d t I = \int \frac{(t^2 + 1)^2}{t} \cdot \frac{2t}{t^2 + 1} dt = \int 2(t^2 + 1) dt I=∫t(t2+1)2⋅t2+12tdt=∫2(t2+1)dt

积分得:
I = 2 ( t 3 3 + t ) + C = 2 3 t 3 + 2 t + C I = 2\left( \frac{t^3}{3} + t \right) + C = \frac{2}{3}t^3 + 2t + C I=2(3t3+t)+C=32t3+2t+C

代回 t = e x − 1 t = \sqrt{e^x - 1} t=ex−1 ,与解法一结果一致。


进阶题: ∫ e 2 x arctan ⁡ e x − 1 d x \int e^{2x} \arctan\sqrt{e^x - 1} dx ∫e2xarctanex−1 dx

考察点:分部积分法、换元积分法、三角代换、循环积分、复合函数求导

题目 :计算不定积分
I = ∫ e 2 x arctan ⁡ e x − 1 d x I = \int e^{2x} \arctan\sqrt{e^x - 1} dx I=∫e2xarctanex−1 dx


解法一(分部积分+利用基础积分结果)

用分部积分法,令 u = arctan ⁡ e x − 1 u = \arctan\sqrt{e^x - 1} u=arctanex−1 , d v = e 2 x d x dv = e^{2x} dx dv=e2xdx:

  • 计算 v v v: v = ∫ e 2 x d x = 1 2 e 2 x v = \int e^{2x} dx = \frac{1}{2}e^{2x} v=∫e2xdx=21e2x
  • 计算 d u du du:由复合函数求导
    d u = 1 1 + ( e x − 1 ) 2 ⋅ 1 2 e x − 1 ⋅ e x d x = 1 2 e x − 1 d x du = \frac{1}{1 + (\sqrt{e^x - 1})^2} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{e^x - 1}} \cdot e^x dx = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{e^x - 1}} dx du=1+(ex−1 )21⋅2ex−1 1⋅exdx=2ex−1 1dx

代入分部积分公式 ∫ u d v = u v − ∫ v d u \int u dv = uv - \int v du ∫udv=uv−∫vdu:
I = 1 2 e 2 x arctan ⁡ e x − 1 − ∫ 1 2 e 2 x ⋅ 1 2 e x − 1 d x I = \frac{1}{2}e^{2x} \arctan\sqrt{e^x - 1} - \int \frac{1}{2}e^{2x} \cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{e^x - 1}} dx I=21e2xarctanex−1 −∫21e2x⋅2ex−1 1dx
= 1 2 e 2 x arctan ⁡ e x − 1 − 1 4 ∫ e 2 x e x − 1 d x = \frac{1}{2}e^{2x} \arctan\sqrt{e^x - 1} - \frac{1}{4} \int \frac{e^{2x}}{\sqrt{e^x - 1}} dx =21e2xarctanex−1 −41∫ex−1 e2xdx

代入基础积分(本题第5题)的结果:
∫ e 2 x e x − 1 d x = 2 3 ( e x − 1 ) 3 2 + 2 e x − 1 + C \int \frac{e^{2x}}{\sqrt{e^x - 1}} dx = \frac{2}{3}(e^x - 1)^{\frac{3}{2}} + 2\sqrt{e^x - 1} + C ∫ex−1 e2xdx=32(ex−1)23+2ex−1 +C

化简得:
I = 1 2 e 2 x arctan ⁡ e x − 1 − 1 6 ( e x − 1 ) 3 2 − 1 2 e x − 1 + C I = \frac{1}{2}e^{2x} \arctan\sqrt{e^x - 1} - \frac{1}{6}(e^x - 1)^{\frac{3}{2}} - \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{e^x - 1} + C I=21e2xarctanex−1 −61(ex−1)23−21ex−1 +C

进一步整理(提取公因子 e x − 1 \sqrt{e^x - 1} ex−1 ):
I = 1 2 e 2 x arctan ⁡ e x − 1 − 1 6 ( e x + 2 ) e x − 1 + C I = \frac{1}{2}e^{2x} \arctan\sqrt{e^x - 1} - \frac{1}{6}(e^x + 2)\sqrt{e^x - 1} + C I=21e2xarctanex−1 −61(ex+2)ex−1 +C


解法二(三角代换法)

令 t = e x − 1 t = \sqrt{e^x - 1} t=ex−1 ,则 e x = sec ⁡ 2 t e^x = \sec^2 t ex=sec2t( t ∈ ( 0 , π 2 ) t \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2}) t∈(0,2π)),即 x = 2 ln ⁡ sec ⁡ t x = 2\ln\sec t x=2lnsect,求导得:
d x = 2 tan ⁡ t d t dx = 2\tan t dt dx=2tantdt

且 e 2 x = sec ⁡ 4 t e^{2x} = \sec^4 t e2x=sec4t, arctan ⁡ e x − 1 = arctan ⁡ ( tan ⁡ t ) = t \arctan\sqrt{e^x - 1} = \arctan(\tan t) = t arctanex−1 =arctan(tant)=t,代入得:
I = ∫ sec ⁡ 4 t ⋅ t ⋅ 2 tan ⁡ t d t = 2 ∫ t sec ⁡ 4 t tan ⁡ t d t I = \int \sec^4 t \cdot t \cdot 2\tan t dt = 2\int t \sec^4 t \tan t dt I=∫sec4t⋅t⋅2tantdt=2∫tsec4ttantdt

分部积分,令 u = t u = t u=t, d v = 2 sec ⁡ 4 t tan ⁡ t d t dv = 2\sec^4 t \tan t dt dv=2sec4ttantdt:

  • 计算 v v v: v = ∫ 2 sec ⁡ 4 t tan ⁡ t d t = ∫ 2 sec ⁡ 3 t d ( sec ⁡ t ) = 1 2 sec ⁡ 4 t v = \int 2\sec^4 t \tan t dt = \int 2\sec^3 t d(\sec t) = \frac{1}{2}\sec^4 t v=∫2sec4ttantdt=∫2sec3td(sect)=21sec4t
  • 代入分部积分公式:
    I = 1 2 t sec ⁡ 4 t − ∫ 1 2 sec ⁡ 4 t d t I = \frac{1}{2}t \sec^4 t - \int \frac{1}{2}\sec^4 t dt I=21tsec4t−∫21sec4tdt

利用 sec ⁡ 4 t = 1 + tan ⁡ 2 t \sec^4 t = 1 + \tan^2 t sec4t=1+tan2t,拆分积分:
∫ sec ⁡ 4 t d t = ∫ ( 1 + tan ⁡ 2 t ) d ( tan ⁡ t ) = tan ⁡ t + 1 3 tan ⁡ 3 t + C \int \sec^4 t dt = \int (1 + \tan^2 t) d(\tan t) = \tan t + \frac{1}{3}\tan^3 t + C ∫sec4tdt=∫(1+tan2t)d(tant)=tant+31tan3t+C

代回 t = arctan ⁡ e x − 1 t = \arctan\sqrt{e^x - 1} t=arctanex−1 , sec ⁡ 2 t = e x \sec^2 t = e^x sec2t=ex, tan ⁡ t = e x − 1 \tan t = \sqrt{e^x - 1} tant=ex−1 ,得与解法一一致的结果。

1.9

考察点:根式换元、分部积分法、有理函数积分(部分分式分解)、构造循环法简化计算

题目 :计算不定积分
I = ∫ ln ⁡ ( 1 + 1 + x x ) d x I = \int \ln\left(1 + \sqrt{\frac{1+x}{x}}\right) dx I=∫ln(1+x1+x )dx


解法(根式换元+分部积分+有理函数积分)

步骤1:根式换元

令 t = 1 + x x t = \sqrt{\frac{1+x}{x}} t=x1+x ,则 t 2 = 1 + x x = 1 + 1 x t^2 = \frac{1+x}{x} = 1 + \frac{1}{x} t2=x1+x=1+x1,解得:
x = 1 t 2 − 1 , d x = − 2 t ( t 2 − 1 ) 2 d t x = \frac{1}{t^2 - 1},\quad dx = -\frac{2t}{(t^2 - 1)^2} dt x=t2−11,dx=−(t2−1)22tdt

代入原积分:
I = ∫ ln ⁡ ( 1 + t ) ⋅ ( − 2 t ( t 2 − 1 ) 2 ) d t I = \int \ln(1 + t) \cdot \left( -\frac{2t}{(t^2 - 1)^2} \right) dt I=∫ln(1+t)⋅(−(t2−1)22t)dt

步骤2:分部积分

令 u = ln ⁡ ( 1 + t ) u = \ln(1+t) u=ln(1+t), d v = − 2 t ( t 2 − 1 ) 2 d t dv = -\frac{2t}{(t^2 - 1)^2} dt dv=−(t2−1)22tdt:

  • 计算 v v v: v = ∫ − 2 t ( t 2 − 1 ) 2 d t = ∫ − d ( t 2 − 1 ) ( t 2 − 1 ) 2 = 1 t 2 − 1 + C v = \int -\frac{2t}{(t^2 - 1)^2} dt = \int -\frac{d(t^2 - 1)}{(t^2 - 1)^2} = \frac{1}{t^2 - 1} + C v=∫−(t2−1)22tdt=∫−(t2−1)2d(t2−1)=t2−11+C
  • 代入分部积分公式 ∫ u d v = u v − ∫ v d u \int u dv = uv - \int v du ∫udv=uv−∫vdu:
    I = ln ⁡ ( 1 + t ) t 2 − 1 − ∫ 1 t 2 − 1 ⋅ 1 1 + t d t I = \frac{\ln(1+t)}{t^2 - 1} - \int \frac{1}{t^2 - 1} \cdot \frac{1}{1+t} dt I=t2−1ln(1+t)−∫t2−11⋅1+t1dt
    代回 x = 1 t 2 − 1 x = \frac{1}{t^2 - 1} x=t2−11,得:
    I = x ln ⁡ ( 1 + 1 + x x ) − ∫ 1 ( t − 1 ) ( t + 1 ) 2 d t I = x \ln\left(1 + \sqrt{\frac{1+x}{x}}\right) - \int \frac{1}{(t-1)(t+1)^2} dt I=xln(1+x1+x )−∫(t−1)(t+1)21dt
步骤3:有理函数积分(部分分式分解/构造循环法)

对 1 ( t − 1 ) ( t + 1 ) 2 \frac{1}{(t-1)(t+1)^2} (t−1)(t+1)21 做部分分式分解(两种方法等价):

方法1:待定系数法

比较简单,略

方法2:构造循环法(手写思路)

构造
R ( t ) = 1 ( t − 1 ) ( t + 1 ) 2 = ( 1 + t ) − t ( t − 1 ) ( t + 1 ) 2 = 1 ( t − 1 ) ( t + 1 ) − t ( t − 1 ) ( t + 1 ) 2 R(t) = \frac{1}{(t-1)(t+1)^2} = \frac{(1+t) - t}{(t-1)(t+1)^2} = \frac{1}{(t-1)(t+1)} - \frac{t}{(t-1)(t+1)^2} R(t)=(t−1)(t+1)21=(t−1)(t+1)2(1+t)−t=(t−1)(t+1)1−(t−1)(t+1)2t

进一步拆分 t ( t − 1 ) ( t + 1 ) 2 = 1 ( t + 1 ) 2 + R ( t ) \frac{t}{(t-1)(t+1)^2} = \frac{1}{(t+1)^2} + R(t) (t−1)(t+1)2t=(t+1)21+R(t),联立得:
2 R ( t ) = 1 2 ( 1 t − 1 − 1 t + 1 ) − 1 ( t + 1 ) 2 2R(t) = \frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{1}{t-1} - \frac{1}{t+1} \right) - \frac{1}{(t+1)^2} 2R(t)=21(t−11−t+11)−(t+1)21

与待定系数法结果一致。

积分计算

∫ ( 1 4 ( t − 1 ) − 1 4 ( t + 1 ) − 1 2 ( t + 1 ) 2 ) d t = 1 4 ln ⁡ ∣ t − 1 t + 1 ∣ + 1 2 ( t + 1 ) + C \int \left( \frac{1}{4(t-1)} - \frac{1}{4(t+1)} - \frac{1}{2(t+1)^2} \right) dt = \frac{1}{4}\ln\left| \frac{t-1}{t+1} \right| + \frac{1}{2(t+1)} + C ∫(4(t−1)1−4(t+1)1−2(t+1)21)dt=41ln t+1t−1 +2(t+1)1+C

步骤4:代回原变量

将 t = 1 + x x t = \sqrt{\frac{1+x}{x}} t=x1+x 代回,化简得:

进一步化简(有理化后):
I = x ln ⁡ ( 1 + 1 + x x ) + 1 2 ln ⁡ ( 1 + x + x ) − x ( 1 + x ) − x 2 + C I = x \ln\left(1 + \sqrt{\frac{1+x}{x}}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\ln\left( \sqrt{1+x} + \sqrt{x} \right) - \frac{\sqrt{x(1+x)} - x}{2} + C I=xln(1+x1+x )+21ln(1+x +x )−2x(1+x) −x+C

1.10

  • 定积分计算(变量转换+三角换元)
    考察点:定积分换元法(三角换元、反函数转换)、隐函数求导、定积分计算、变量替换技巧

题目 :设 y = x 1 + x 2 y = \dfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} y=1+x2 x,求定积分
I = ∫ 1 2 3 2 x y   d y I = \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} xy \, dy I=∫2123 xydy


解法一:以 y y y为积分变量,三角换元

首先由 y = x 1 + x 2 y = \dfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} y=1+x2 x,两边平方得变量关系:
y 2 = x 2 1 + x 2    ⟹    y 2 ( 1 + x 2 ) = x 2    ⟹    x 2 = y 2 1 − y 2 y^2 = \frac{x^2}{1+x^2} \implies y^2(1+x^2) = x^2 \implies x^2 = \frac{y^2}{1-y^2} y2=1+x2x2⟹y2(1+x2)=x2⟹x2=1−y2y2

由于 x , y > 0 x,y>0 x,y>0,故 x = y 1 − y 2 x = \dfrac{y}{\sqrt{1-y^2}} x=1−y2 y,代入原积分:
I = ∫ 1 2 3 2 x y   d y = ∫ 1 2 3 2 y 1 − y 2 ⋅ y   d y = ∫ 1 2 3 2 y 2 1 − y 2 d y I = \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} x y \, dy = \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} \frac{y}{\sqrt{1-y^2}} \cdot y \, dy = \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} \frac{y^2}{\sqrt{1-y^2}} dy I=∫2123 xydy=∫2123 1−y2 y⋅ydy=∫2123 1−y2 y2dy

令三角换元 y = sin ⁡ t y = \sin t y=sint( t ∈ ( 0 , π 2 ) t \in \left(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right) t∈(0,2π)),则 d y = cos ⁡ t d t dy = \cos t dt dy=costdt, 1 − y 2 = cos ⁡ t \sqrt{1-y^2} = \cos t 1−y2 =cost,积分限转换:

  • 当 y = 1 2 y = \frac{1}{2} y=21时, t = π 6 t = \frac{\pi}{6} t=6π;
  • 当 y = 3 2 y = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} y=23 时, t = π 3 t = \frac{\pi}{3} t=3π。

代入积分化简:
I = ∫ π 6 π 3 sin ⁡ 2 t cos ⁡ t ⋅ cos ⁡ t d t = ∫ π 6 π 3 sin ⁡ 2 t d t I = \int_{\frac{\pi}{6}}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} \frac{\sin^2 t}{\cos t} \cdot \cos t dt = \int_{\frac{\pi}{6}}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} \sin^2 t dt I=∫6π3πcostsin2t⋅costdt=∫6π3πsin2tdt

利用三角恒等式 sin ⁡ 2 t = 1 − cos ⁡ 2 t 2 \sin^2 t = \frac{1 - \cos 2t}{2} sin2t=21−cos2t计算积分:
I = ∫ π 6 π 3 1 − cos ⁡ 2 t 2 d t = 1 2 ( t − 1 2 sin ⁡ 2 t ) ∣ π 6 π 3 I = \int_{\frac{\pi}{6}}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} \frac{1 - \cos 2t}{2} dt = \frac{1}{2} \left. \left( t - \frac{1}{2}\sin 2t \right) \right|_{\frac{\pi}{6}}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} I=∫6π3π21−cos2tdt=21(t−21sin2t) 6π3π

代入上下限计算:
I = 1 2 [ ( π 3 − 1 2 sin ⁡ 2 π 3 ) − ( π 6 − 1 2 sin ⁡ π 3 ) ] = 1 2 [ ( π 3 − 3 4 ) − ( π 6 − 3 4 ) ] = 1 2 ⋅ π 6 = π 12 \begin{aligned} I &= \frac{1}{2} \left[ \left( \frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{1}{2}\sin\frac{2\pi}{3} \right) - \left( \frac{\pi}{6} - \frac{1}{2}\sin\frac{\pi}{3} \right) \right] \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \left[ \left( \frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \right) - \left( \frac{\pi}{6} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \right) \right] \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{\pi}{12} \end{aligned} I=21[(3π−21sin32π)−(6π−21sin3π)]=21[(3π−43 )−(6π−43 )]=21⋅6π=12π


解法二:以 x x x为积分变量,换元计算

首先对 y = x 1 + x 2 y = \dfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} y=1+x2 x求导,得到 d y dy dy的表达式:
y = x ( 1 + x 2 ) − 1 2 y = x(1+x^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} y=x(1+x2)−21
d y d x = 1 ( 1 + x 2 ) 3 2 \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{(1+x^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}} dxdy=(1+x2)231

因此 d y = 1 ( 1 + x 2 ) 3 2 d x dy = \dfrac{1}{(1+x^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}} dx dy=(1+x2)231dx。

转换积分限(由 y y y的范围求 x x x的范围):

  • 当 y = 1 2 y = \frac{1}{2} y=21时, x 1 + x 2 = 1 2    ⟹    4 x 2 = 1 + x 2    ⟹    x = 1 3 \frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} = \frac{1}{2} \implies 4x^2 = 1+x^2 \implies x = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} 1+x2 x=21⟹4x2=1+x2⟹x=3 1;
  • 当 y = 3 2 y = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} y=23 时, x 1 + x 2 = 3 2    ⟹    4 x 2 = 3 ( 1 + x 2 )    ⟹    x = 3 \frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \implies 4x^2 = 3(1+x^2) \implies x = \sqrt{3} 1+x2 x=23 ⟹4x2=3(1+x2)⟹x=3 。

代入原积分:
I = ∫ 1 3 3 x 2 ( 1 + x 2 ) 2 d x I = \int_{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}}^{\sqrt{3}} \frac{x^2}{(1+x^2)^2} dx I=∫3 13 (1+x2)2x2dx

令三角换元 x = tan ⁡ t x = \tan t x=tant( t ∈ ( 0 , π 2 ) t \in \left(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right) t∈(0,2π)),则 d x = sec ⁡ 2 t d t dx = \sec^2 t dt dx=sec2tdt, 1 + x 2 = sec ⁡ 2 t 1+x^2 = \sec^2 t 1+x2=sec2t,积分限转换:

  • 当 x = 1 3 x = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} x=3 1时, t = π 6 t = \frac{\pi}{6} t=6π;
  • 当 x = 3 x = \sqrt{3} x=3 时, t = π 3 t = \frac{\pi}{3} t=3π。

代入积分化简:
I = ∫ π 6 π 3 tan ⁡ 2 t ( sec ⁡ 2 t ) 2 ⋅ sec ⁡ 2 t d t = ∫ π 6 π 3 tan ⁡ 2 t sec ⁡ 2 t d t = ∫ π 6 π 3 sin ⁡ 2 t d t I = \int_{\frac{\pi}{6}}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} \frac{\tan^2 t}{(\sec^2 t)^2} \cdot \sec^2 t dt = \int_{\frac{\pi}{6}}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} \frac{\tan^2 t}{\sec^2 t} dt = \int_{\frac{\pi}{6}}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} \sin^2 t dt I=∫6π3π(sec2t)2tan2t⋅sec2tdt=∫6π3πsec2ttan2tdt=∫6π3πsin2tdt

后续计算同解法一,最终结果为 π 12 \boxed{\dfrac{\pi}{12}} 12π。


后话

难度不高,计算细心点可以做出。

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